The Triumph of the Pharisees

Alate innovation of the Aristocratic understanding of μybr[h ˆyb (byn ha-arabim) arose sometime after the fall of Jerusalem in 70 C.E., becoming clearly manifested in records by the eighth century C.E. This new interpretation (System C) was built under the heavy influence of the Talmudists (spiritual offshoots of the Pharisees). It flourished primarily among the Karaites and neo-Samaritans but was also practiced by some less well-known groups.

Like those of the Aristocratic school (System A), these neo-Aristocratic groups (System C) understood byn ha-arabim as the period of twilight that follows sunset. But under the influence of the Hasidic schools (System B), they also determined that the seven days of unleavened bread extended from the 15th until the end of the 21st day of the first moon. As a result, they celebrated the Phasekh supper on the night of the 15th.

To bridge the obvious gap created by the simultaneous adherence to these two opposing concepts, the advocates of the neo-Aristocratic view argued that there were two different reckonings of a day: a legal day (from sunset to sunset) and a common day (from post twilight to post twilight). The 14th was calculated as a common day, while the 15th was considered a legal day. As a result of this innovative interpretation, byn ha-arabim actually came to represent both the last part of the 14th, as a common day reckoning, and the first part of the 15th day, as a legal day reckoning. In the eyes of the supporters of the neo-Aristocratic system, this arrangement allowed for byn ha-arabim to pass the ancient test of being part of the 14th while also allowing the 15th to be the first day of the seven days of unleavened bread.

Sadducean Influence

Already by the mid-first century C.E. the Sadducees and the Samaritans had both come under the heavy domination of the Pharisees. In 70 C.E., with the destruction of the Temple of Yahweh by the Romans, the main branch of the Sadducees had ceased to exist as a political force.1 The effect of the growing dominance of the Pharisees (Rabbinists, Talmudists) among the Jews was the unavoidable influence and pressure placed upon the earlier Sadducean and Samaritan doctrines.

Those of the Sadducean persuasion who continued to cling to any semblance of their old Aristocratic views were, from 70 C.E. on, placed under tremendous pressure to compromise with the Hasidic-based groups. As

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1 See above Chap. XII, p. 198, n. 24.