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tPmk^v CSadpIv
IAP
C³Uy³ FXoÌv ]»ntjgvkv \yqsUÂln 4
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
QurAn Oru Vimarsana Patanam Language: Malayalam
(JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w) Quran - A Critical Study By Joseph Edamaruku First edition: 1982 IAP eBook : 2020 Published by IAP Indian Atheist Publishers Phone: 011- 41253212 For ordering print edition of this book by VPP send SMS to : 91 9711188940 Email: indianatheist@gmail.com
Copyright © 1982-2020 by Sanal Edamaruku Except brief quotations for book reviews or critical appraisals, no part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, forwarding, recording or by any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. For permissions, contact indianatheist@gmail.com
ISBN: 81–7374–123–9
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DÅS¡w \memw ]Xn¸nsâ apJhpc 7 H¶mw ]Xn¸nsâ Dt]mZvLmXw 26 A²ymb§Ä 1. Atd_y `qanimkv{Xhpw Ncn{Xhpw Ncn{Xw
32
2. Atd_ybnse arXaX§Ä 3. apl½Zv \_n 42 Hcp am\knItcmKn
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4. apl½Znsâ IpSpw_PohnXw 5. JpÀ B³ 65 FgpXs¸«sX§s\?
6. lZokpIÄ
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56
72
79
klolp _pJmcn 81 klolp apÉow 81 hymP lZokpIÄ 82 hn[nhnizmkw 83 kqcysâ kpPqZv 84 {]iv\¡mÀ 84 AZv`pX{]hÀ¯I³ 85 aq¶p Ip«nIÄ acn¨m kzÀKw \áamb Ipfn 87 BSpt\m«¡mÀ 88 CÉmanse kmtlmZcyw 88
7. JpÀ B\pw imkv{Xhpw
91
]c¶ `qan! 91 BImiw 93 kqcy\pw N{µ\pw 94 Cu¨bpsS NndIn Huj[w 96 kv{Xobv¡v C{µnbkvJe\w 96 ]\nbpmIp¶sX§s\? 97 tIm«phmbv 97 kz]v\hpw apl½Zpw 98 ]m¼v 99
7
87
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JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w tImgnbpw ae¡pw 100 a\pjy³ FenbmIpw! 100 ]mc¼cyimkv{Xw 101
8. JpÀ B\pw ASna¯hpw
104
ASnakv{XoIÄ 107 ASnaItfmSpÅ s]cpamäw 107 D½v AÂhemZv 109 ASnahntamN\w 110 apl½Zv \_nbpw ASnakv{XoIfpw
9. {Iqcamb in£mk{¼Zmb§Ä
112
115
aXhntcm[nIÄ 117 tamjWw 118 hy`nNmcw 119 cXnsshIrX§Ä 121 AÃmlpsh¶ {Iqc³ 121
10. apÉow kzÀKw! 125 11. kv{XoIÄ XcwXmgv¯s¸«p ]À±m k{¼Zmbw 139 kv{XoIfpsS kp¶¯v
132
142
12. Nne {]tXyI BNmc§fpw AÔhnizmk§fpw ap¯vA IeymWw 144 \mbv¡tfmSv hntcm[w 145 arK§Ä kwkmcn¨p 145 tcmKw ]m]¯nsâ ^ew 146 `£W¯nsâ hne¡pIÄ 148 hn{Klmcm[\ 149
13. apl½Zv P\n¡mXncp¶hÀ
151
Bibliography 155
hnaÀiIÀ¡p adp]Sn CÉmapw CSadpIpw 158 CSadpIp hnaÀin¨ CÉmw 169 CSadpIn\v 11001 cq] C\mw 185 JpÀ B³ hnaÀiIÀ¡p adp]Sn 191 CSadpIn\v Hcp adp]Sn 207 bpànhmZnIfpw CÉmapw 211
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\memw ]Xn¸nsâ apJhpc Ct¶bv¡v aq¶p hÀjw ap¼v, 1982 Pqsse amk¯nemWv, “JpÀ B³ Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w” F¶ Cu ]pkvXIw {]kn²oIcn ¡p¶Xv. AXn\p ap¼v CÉmw aXs¯ hnaÀin¡p¶ {KÙ§ sfm¶pw Xs¶ aebmf¯n h¶ncp¶nÃ. CÉmw aXs¯ Xpd ¶p hnaÀin¡m³ ]eÀ¡pw `bambncp¶p. apÉow P\kmam\y ¯nsâ thm«p \jvSs¸ScpsX¶ hnNmcw sImv CSXp]£ ]mÀ«nIfn an¡hbpw CÉmwaXs¯ kv]Àin¡msX hgnamdn \S¶p. A¯cw Hcp kmlNcy¯nemWv Cu ]pkvXI¯nsâ H¶mw ]Xn¸v {]kn²oIcn¡p¶Xv. CXn\Iw aq¶p ]Xn¸pIÄ ]pd¯ph¶p Ignªp. CXv \memw ]Xn¸mWv. ‘JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w’ ]pd¯nd§nb A¶papX Xs¶ apÉow hÀKobhmZnIÄ AXns\Xncmb kacw XpS§n. F¦nepw ]{X§Ä AtXäp ]nSn¨Xv \mepamkw IgnªmWv. Fsâ kvt\lnX³ ]n.Fw. A_qt_¡À ]{Xm[n]cmbn«pÅ ‘eoKv ssSwkv’ BWv AXp XpS§nsh¨Xv. amÀIvknÌp ]mÀ«n bpambn sFIyap¶Wnbn Ignªncp¶ AJnte´ym apÉow eoKnsâ apJ]{XamWv ‘eoKv ssSwkv.’ ]n¡me kw`h§Ä hnebncp¯pt¼mÄ AJnte´ym apÉow eoKns\s¡mp Cu kacw XpS§n¨Xp Xs¶ amÀIvknÌp ]mÀ«nbmsW¶p kwi bn¡phm³ ImcW§fpv. AJnte´ym apÉow eoKv, XmcXtay\ Hcp sNdnb ]mÀ«n bmWv. amÀIvknÌp]mÀ«nbpsS XWen Ignª AhÀ¡v apÉow aXhnImcs¯ Cf¡nhnSm³ In«nb Ahkcw AhÀ icn¡pw hn\ntbmKn¨p. C³Uy³ bqWnb³ apÉoweoKnsâ t\Xm¡·mÀ Iptd¡qSn kaNn¯X DÅhcmbncp¶p. AhÀ BZyw Hcp ]pkvX 9
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
I¯ns\XncmbpÅ kac¯n\v Iq«pIqSm³ aSn¨p. B ]mÀ«nbpsS A\ntj[y t\Xmhmbncp¶ kn.F¨v. apl½Zv tImb. C¯cw aX{`m´pIÄ¡v FXncpambncp¶p. “eoKv ssSwkv” F\ns¡ Xncmbn PnlmZv hnfn XpS§nb L«¯n kn.F¨v. sUÂlnbn h¶p. A¶v At±lw Ft¶mSp ]dª hm¡pIÄ Rm³ Ct¸m gpw HmÀ½n¡p¶p: “CSadpIÃmsX asämcmfmWv Cu ]pkvXIsagpXnbsX¦n AXp hÀKobhmZamsW¶v F\n¡v tXm¶pambncp¶p. P\n¨p hfÀ¶ {InkvXpaXs¯bmWv \n§Ä BZyw FXnÀ¯Xv. ]n¶o Sv lnµpaX{KÙ§sf hnaÀin¨p. Ct¸mÄ JpÀBs\bpw hnaÀ in¨p. F\n¡v CSadpInsâ A`n{]mb§tfmSp tbmPn¸nsænepw \n§fpsS Dt±iip²nbn aXn¸pv. F¦nepw B ]pkvXI ¯n\v Hcp adp]Sn FgpXm³ Rm³ ]dªn«pv. ” “XoÀ¨bmbpw B adp]Snsb kzmKXw sN¿p¶p” F¶v Rm³ At±lt¯mSp ]dªp. XnIª aX`à\pw hnizmknbpambn cp¶p apl½ZptImb. ]t£, \mkvXnI\mb Ft¶mSv At§b äs¯ kvt\lhmbv]v acn¡p¶Xphsc At±lw ImWn¨ncp¶p. apÉow kapZmb¯nse {]apJ·mcmb aäp \nch[n hyànIfpw Fsâ kplrZv heb¯nepv. Rm³ JpÀBs\ hnaÀin¨Xn Ahcn NneÀ¡v hnjaw tXm¶nsb¦nepw Fsâ Dt±iip²nsb Ahcn Bcpw Xs¶ tNmZyw sN¿pIbpmbnÃ. F¶m ‘ap Åm’ amcptSbpw ‘apÉymÀ’ amcpsSbpw ‘auehn’amcptSbpw ØnXn AXmbncp¶nÃ. Fsâ ]pkvXIw \ntcm[n¡Wsa¶v AhÀ _lfw sh¨p. AXn\pthn kwØm\þtI{µ Kh¬saâpI sf AhÀ kao]n¨p. AXn\p ]pdta aX{`m´·mcmb AhÀ temI¯nepÅ AÇoe ]Z§sfÃmw Iq«nsI«ns¡mpÅ sXdnI¯pIÄ Ab¨p. Znhkw A³]Xpw Adp]Xpw sXdn¡¯p IfmWv A¡me¯v e`n¨psImncp¶Xv. ‘JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w’ F¶ {KÙ¯n Rm³ D¶bn¨ncp¶ hmZKXnIÄ¡v adp]Sn ]dbm³ Ignbm¯hcmWv C§s\ _lfw sh¨Xv F¶ Imcy¯n kwibanÃ. Fsâ ]pkvXIw £p{ZIrXnbmsW¶pw AXpsImv CÉmw aX¯n\v Hcp tIm«hpw hcnIbnsöpw B aXt\Xm¡·mÀ 10
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
]dªp. ASp¯ hmNI¯n AhÀ Xs¶, AXp \ntcm[n¡ Wsa¶v Bhiys¸«p. £p{ZamsW¦n AXp kzbw \in¨pt]m IpatÃm. \ntcm[n¡Wsa¶v AhÀ Bhiys¸«Xn \n¶p X s¶ sXfnbp¶Xv B ]pkvXIw AhcpsS ASn¯d Cf¡nbn«p s¶mWv. tIcf¯nse henb Hcp hn`mKw bphm¡·mcpw bphXnIfpw CÉmwaXw hn«p ]pd¯p t]mcm³ B ]pkvXIw ImcWambn¯oÀ¶p. AXn\p klmbn¨Xv ‘eoKv ssSwkv’, ‘N{µn I’ F¶o apÉow Zn\¸{X§fmWv. Ahbn Fsâ ]pkvXI¯n s\Xncmbn h¶ hnaÀi\§Ä bpànhmZw F´msW¶p tI«n «nÃmXncp¶ \nch[n apÉo§fpsSbnSbn Cu ]pkvXIt¯ ¸änbpÅ hnhcw F¯n¨psImSp¯p. AhÀ tXSn¸nSn¨v B ]pkvX Iw hmbn¨p. A§s\ bpànhmZ{]Øm\¯n\v ]e ]pXnb BfpIsfbpw e`n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. ISp¯ hnaÀi\§ fneqsSbmsW¦nepw B {KÙ¯n\v C{Xtbsd {]Nmcw Dm¡n ¯¶ ‘eoKv ssSwkn’\pw ‘N{µnI’bv¡pw \µn ]dbm³ IqSn Cu Ahkcw Rm³ hn\ntbmKn¡p¶p.
\pW{]NcW§Ä apÉow eoKnsâ tIcf¯nse t\Xm¡·mÀ km[mcW ]dbm dpv, apÉow \yq\]£¯nsâ AhiXIÄ ]cnlcn¡pIbmWv AhcpsS e£ysa¶pw H«pw hÀKobX AhÀ¡nsöpw. CXv F{X AÀ°iq\yamsW¶v ‘JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\’ ]T\¯n\p tijapmb kw`h§Ä sXfnbn¡p¶p. CÉmw aX hnizmkn Isf {hWs¸Sp¯mt\m Bt£]n¡mt\m thnbà Rm³ B ]pkvXIw FgpXnbXv. JpÀB³ \njv]£ambn ]Tn¨Xnsâ ^eamWXv. C§s\ A¡mZanIv Bbn«pÅ Hcp ]T\w h¶ t¸mÄ AXp icnbmtWm sXämtWm F¶p ]cntim[n¡m\pÅ £atbm klnjvWpXtbm AhÀ¡nÃmsX t]mbn. BZyw ‘eoKv ssSwkpw’ ]n¶oSv aäp apÉow ]{XamknIIfpw FgpXnb teJ\ §fpw {]kn²oIcn¨ hmÀ¯Ifpw AXp sXfnbn¡p¶p. aXhnImcw Cf¡nhnSp¶Xn\p thn Iůcw ]dbm\pw apÉow hÀKobhmZnIÄ A¶p Xbmdmbn. apPmlnZv hn`mK¯nsâ Hcp {]kn²oIcWamb ‘AÂa\mÀ’ amknIbn aqkm hmWn 11
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
ta FgpXnb teJ\¯n \n¶v Hcp `mKw Xmsg D²cn¡p¶p: “Bbni, JZoPm, ^m¯na XpS§nb kv{Xo cXv\§tf¡pdn¨v ‘AhÄ’ F¶pw apl½Zv, A_q_¡À, Aen XpS§nbhsc¡pdn s¨Ãmw, ‘Ah³’ F¶pamWv ]pkvXI¯nepS\ofw {]tbmKw. {]Xn]£s¯ _lpam\n¡p¶ kwkvImcalnabpw B`nPmXy ip²nbpw Xm\pÄs¡mÅp¶nsænepw amtemIsc am\ns¨ ¦nepw {]tbmKalna ]peÀt¯Xmbncp¶p.” CXv ]¨¡ÅamsW¶v Fsâ ‘JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w’ hmbn¨n«pÅ ]Xn\mbnc¡W¡n\mfpIÄ¡v Adnbmw. ss[cyap s¦n hmWnta Rm³ A§s\ ]pkv XI¯nepS\ofw ]dªncn¡p¶Xv H¶p ImWn¨pXcs«. hmb\¡mÀ AhchcpsS I¿nepÅ ]pkvXIw ]cntim[n¨p t\m¡nbm Cu \pW kzbw t_m[ys¸Spw. CXpt]mse asämcp \pWbpambn Cd§nXncn¨Xv ‘eoKv ssSw kv’ ]{XamWv. AhcpsS 1982 Unkw_À 9þmw XobXnbnse apJ{] kwK¯nse Hcp `mKw t\m¡pI: “CÉmansâ BZÀie£y§fntem aqe{]amWamb hnip² JpÀB\nsem {]hmNI\mb apl½Zp\_n (k)bnsem GsX ¦nepw Hcp \yq\X XtâSt¯msS Nqn¡mWn¡m³ ]¯p]Xn \mep \qämpImew Dgdnb HmdnbâenÌpIÄt¡m `uXnIhmZn IÄt¡m Ignªn«nÃ.” I®S¨v Ccp«m¡nbm F´mWv hntijw? eoKv ssSwkv hmbn¡p¶hcn ]ecpw B apJ{]kwKw FgpXnb ]{Xm[n] cpsS AdnhptItSmÀ¯p Nncn¨pImWpw. Ncn{XImc\mb F¨v.Pn. shÂkS¡w F{Xtbm ]ÞnX·mÀ apl½Zns\bpw CÉmwaX s¯bpw hnaÀin¨n«pv. C³Uybn Xs¶ BcykamPØm] I\mb Zbm\µkckzXn ‘kXymÀ°{]Imiw’ F¶ {KÙ¯n F{X \ninXambn apl½Zns\bpw CÉmwaXs¯bpw hnaÀin ¨ncn¡p¶p. aebmf¯n Xs¶ ]e ]Xn¸pIÄ Cd§nbn«pv B ]pkvXI¯n\v. AsXm¶pw eoKv ssSwkv ]{Xm[n]À tI«n«p mbncn¡pIbnÃ! Cu apJ{]kwKw FgpXnbXnsâ XteZnhks¯ eoKv ssSw kn ‘\new ]cnim¡pw’ F¶ ioÀjI¯n sImSp¯ncn¡p¶ 12
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
hmÀ¯bnse Hcp hmNIwXs¶ ]{Xm[n]À¡v adp]SnbmWv. kakvX tIcf kp¶n bphP\kwLw P\d sk{I«dn Im´ ]pcw F.]n. A_qt_¡À apÉymÀ ]dª B hmNIw CXmWv: “apl½Zv\_n (k) ¡v \p_pƯv e`n¨ \mÄsXm«v 1400 hÀ jambn CÉmansâ i{Xp¡Ä \nc´cambn \S¯nh¶ PpKp]v kmhlhpw eÖmIchpamb B{IaW¯nsâ XpSÀ¨bmWv CSadpInsâ JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w (eoKv ssSwkv, 8þ12þ1982, t]Pv 4, tImfw 3). CXpw, apJ{]kwK¯nepw Rm³ D²cn¨ hmNI§fpw IqSn H¯p t\m¡m³ hmb\¡mtcmSv A`yÀ°n¡p¶p. Im´]pc¯nsâ {]kvXmh\bn asämcp \pWbpÅXpw Nqn¡mWn¡mXncn¡m³ \nhr¯nbnÃ. At±lw ]dbp¶p:“hnip² JpÀB\nsâ Aam\pjnIXtbbpw al ]²XnI tfbpw XmdSn¨v P\§sf h©n¡m³ kntbmWnÌpIÄ ]qÀÆnI Imew apXÂXs¶ \nc´cw ]cn{ian¨n«pv.... kntbmWnk ¯nsâ XWen \ho\ bpànhmZnIÄ ]pXnb Bimsâ t\Xr Xz¯n sImph¶n«pÅ Cu IpX{´§fpw apÉowIÄ \new ]cnim¡nhnSpw.” (eoKv ssSwkv, 8þ12þ82. t]Pv 4, tImfw 3,4) “\new ]cnim¡pw” F¶p ]dªm {KÙImcs\ sIm¶pI fbpw F¶mWtÃm AÀ°w. Hcmsftbm ]¯p t]sctbm sIm ¶m bpànhmZw Ahkm\n¡psa¶mWv Im´]pcw IcpXp¶ sX¦n At±l¯n\p sXänt¸mbn. ‘sIm¶pIfbpw’ F¶p `ojWns¸Sp¯p¶ I¯pIfpw [mcmfw F\n¡p In«p¶pv. AsXm¶pw sImv `bs¸Sp¶ Bfà Rm³. kzÀK¯nepw \cI¯nepw acWm\´cPohnX¯nepw hnizmkanÃm¯ bpàn hmZnIÄ¡v acWt¯¸än `banà Xm\pw. AX§s\ \n¡s«. bpànhmZnIsf ‘kntbmWnÌpIÄ’ F¶p hnfn¡m³ F´p sXfnhmWv Im´]pc¯n\pÅXv? bqZ·mcpsS aXcmjv{Sob {] Øm\amWv kntbmWnkw. temIs¯¼mSpapÅ bpànhmZnIÄ atäXp hÀKobXtbbpw F¶Xpt]mse kntbmWnkt¯bpw FXnÀ¡p¶hcmWv. kntbmWnk¯ns\Xncmbn kacw sN¿p¶ 13
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
]n.FÂ.H.sb ]n´m§ns¡mv \nch[n teJ\§Ä FgpXnbn «pÅ Hcp ]{X{]hÀ¯I\mWv Rm³. ]n.FÂ.H. t\Xmhmb bmÊÀ Bc^m¯v sUÂlnbn h¶t¸mÄ At±ls¯ CâÀ hyq sNbvXv ASp¯ Ime¯pXs¶ Rm³ Hcp teJ\sagpXnbn cp¶p. AsXms¡ hmbn¨n«pÅ tIcfobtcmSv Rm³ kntbmWn k¯nsâ XWen \n¶psImmWv CÉmw aXs¯ hnaÀin ¡p¶sX¶p ]dªv [cn¸n¡msa¶p IcpXnbXv sXämbnt¸mbn. eoKv ssSwknÂh¶ teJ\§Ä DS\ofw C¯cw \pWIfpw hnhct¡SpIfpw \ndªXmWv Nne DZmlcW§Ä Xmsg sImSp ¡mw. 1. “hnÚm\¯nsâ {]Imiw bqtdm¸nemIam\w ]c¯nbXpw CÉmambncp¶p.” (sI.]n.H.dlva¯pÅ, eoKv ssSwKv, 12þ12þ82). tIm¸À\n¡kpw Keoentbmbpw {_qtWmbpw sI¹dpw sFk Iv \yq«Wpw thmÄ«bdpw dqtkmbpw t_¡Wpw tjIvkv]nbdp sams¡bmWtÃm bqtdm¸n hnÚm\¯nsâ Zo]w sISp¯n bXv. Ahscms¡ apÉo§fmsW¶mbncn¡mw ]mhw dlva¯p Å IcpXnbncn¡p¶Xv! 2. “apl½Zv \_n (k) CÉmw aX Øm]I\msW¶v ]dªp sImv (CSadpIv) XpS§p¶p. CXv XoÀ¯pw sXämsW¶pÅXn\v A[nIw sXfnhpIfmhiyanÃ.” (dlva¯pÅ) ]ns¶ Bcv aXw Øm]n¨p F¶mWmthm At±lw [cn¨psh ¨ncn¡p¶Xv. apl½Zv B aXw Øm]n¡p¶Xn\p ap¼v ‘CÉmw’ Fs¶mcp aXw temIs¯§pw Dmbncp¶nà F¶v BÀ¡mWv Adnbm¯Xv? 3. “]pcpj\v kv{Xotb¡mÄ GXmbmepw FÃm AÀ°¯nepw _p²nbpw iànbpapv.” (dlva¯pÅ). amUw Iyqdn¡pw, CµncmKmÔn¡pw, amÀKcäv Xm¨dn\pw dlva ¯pÅtb¡mÄ _p²n IpdhmsW¶mbncn¡pw ]mhw hnizkn ¡p¶Xv!
N{µnIbpsS IkÀ¯v AJnte´ym apÉow eoKnt\t¸mse Hcp sNdnb ]mÀ«nbÃ, 14
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
C´y³ bqWnb³ apÉow eoKv. AXnsâ apJ]{Xamb ‘N{µnI’ bv¡v eoKv ssSwknt\¡mÄ {]Nmcapv. AJnte´ym apÉow eoKnsâ t\Xm¡³amsc¡mÄ cmjv{Sob ]mc¼cyapÅhcpw Adn hpÅhcpamWv C³Uy³ bqWnb³ apÉow eoKv t\Xm¡·mÀ. ‘JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w’, F¶ ]pkvXIs¯¸än N{µnI BgvN¸Xn¸n FgpXnb hnaÀi\¯n B kaNn¯X AhÀ {]ISn¸n¨p Ip. AhcpsS hmZ§Ä Øm]n¡m³ {ian¨n«ps ¦nepw AXn aX{`m´p Ipdhmbncp¶p. F¶m eoKv ssSwkn sâ shdfn It¸mÄ ‘N{µnI’bpsS kzcw amdn. 1982 Unkw_À 22þmw XobXn apX A_pap_mdIv Fs¶mcmÄ Hcp ZoÀLamb teJ\]c¼c Xs¶ AXn FgpXn. B hnaÀi\§Ä HcpXcw ‘IkÀ¯p’ t]msebmWv tXm¶nbXv. Nne DZmlcW§Ä Xm sg sImSp¡mw. apl½Zv \_nbpsS hN\§Ä BsW¶v hnizkn¡s¸Sp¶ XmWv lZokpIÄ. AXn Hcp `mK¯v C§s\ ImWmw: “Xncpta\n Acpfn: \n§fn hÃhcptSbpw ]m\ob¯n Cu¨ hoWp t]mbm B Cu¨sb apgph³ AXn ap¡nbn«p ]pdt¯s¡Sp¯pIfbs«. Cu¨bpsS Hcp NndIn tcmKhpw atä NndIn tcmKia\hpamWpÅXv.” (klolp _pJmcn lZokv 1358) CXv Rm³ ‘JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\’¯n D²cn¨psIm v, CXv Hcp ‘ssZh ZqX³’ ]dªXmsW¦nepw Aimkv{Xobam sW¶p ]dªncp¶p. AXn\v N{µnIbpsS adp]Sn CXmWv: “CÉmanse hnizmk]chpw A\pjvTm\]chpamb ]ca{][m \amb Imcy§sf hnebncp¯msX Cu¨bpsS NndIpIfnse tcmKmWpt]msebpÅ Imcy§Ä ]ÀÆXoIcn¨p ImWn¡m\pÅ {iaamWv \S¯nbn«pÅXv. Cu¨ Hcp NndIn tcmKmWphpw adp NndIn {]Xyuj[hpw t]dn \S¡p¶nà F¶v bpànhmZn bmb {KÙImc\v Øm]n¡m³ Ignªn«ptm F¶pÅXv asäm cp Imcyw.” (A_pap_mdIv, N{µnI 22þ12þ82) CXv s]s«¶p hmbn¡p¶hÀ¡p sXän²mcW tXm¶mw. Rm³ N{µnI ]dbp¶Xpt]mse ]ÀhXoIcn¨nÃ; lZokpIfn 15
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
\n¶v ]IÀ¯pI am{Xta sNbvXn«pÅp. \_nbpsS B hmNIw tIÄ¡pt¼mÄ km[mcW¡mc\pt]m epw Nncnhcpw. ]t£ N{µnIbpsS teJI³ ]dbp¶Xv {i²n¨p hmbn¨m Cu¨bpsS Hcp NndIn {]Xyuj[w Ds¶mWv At±lhpw hnizkn¡p¶sX¶v a\ÊnemIpw. ]t£ AXv a\p jyÀ¡v a\ÊnemIp¶Xpt]mse Xpd¶p ]dbm³ ss[cyhpanÃ. “_lp`mcymXzs¯ \nb{´n¨v GI `mcymXz¯ntebv¡p hgn sXfn¡pIbpw `mcybv¡pw s]¬a¡Ä¡pw ktlmZcn¡pw amXm hn\pw BZyambn kz¯hImiw t\Sns¡mSp¡pIbpw sNbvXXv kv{XobpsS ]Zhn DbÀ¯nbtXm Xmgv¯nbtXm?” F¶v N{µn Ibnse teJI³ tNmZn¡p¶p. CXv HcpXcw IkÀ¯mWv. CXp tI«m Ncn{Xw Adnbm¯ km[mcW¡mÀ¡p tXm¶pw GI `mcymXzw CÉmansâ kw`mh\bmsW¶v. kv{Xo¡v kz¯h Imiw sImSp¯Xpw B aXamsW¶p sXän²cn¸n¡m\pw CXn {ian¡p¶p. C¶pw apÉo§fpsSbnSbnteXpt]mse _lp`m cymXzw asämcp aX¯nepanÃ. apÉow cmPy§fn _lp`mcymXzw kÀÆ km[mcWamWv. {]hmNI\pt]mepw ]Xns\m¶p `mcyam cpw 4 sh¸m«nIfpw Dmbncp¶p. CÉmw aX¯n kv{Xo¡p ]pcpjt\msSm¸w kz¯hImianÃ. B aXw DZv`hn¡p¶ Ggmw iXI¯n\v ap¼v ]e cmPy§fnepw k¼¶Ifpw `cWm[nIm cnIfpamb kv{XoIÄ Dmbncp¶Xmbn Ncn{Xw sXfnbn¡p ¶ntÃ? CsXms¡ ]dsª¦nepw kv{Xosb A_ebm¡mXncn ¡m³ N{µnI teJI\p Ignbp¶nÃ. At±lw ]dbp¶p: “djy bn \n¶v Hcp kv{Xo _lncmImi¯nte¡v t]mbXpsImsm ¶pw kv{Xo A_ebmImXncn¡p¶nÃ.” asämcp Øe¯p h¶ t¸mÄ At±lw Hcp RmWnt·Â Ifn IqSn \S¯p¶p: “AhcpsS (kv{XoIfpsS) AhImikwc£W¯n\p thn \nba§Ä \nÀ½n¨psImp kv{XoIfpsS tamNI\mbn«mWv apl½Zv {]Xy £s¸«Xv.”
hmfpw ]Whpw
“hmfnt\¡mÄ aqÀ¨bpÅ {]Xybimkv{XamWv CÉmw F¶ Xpw C¡me¯v AXv DdIfn Dd¡w Xq§pIbsöpw BÀ 16
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
¡mWv AdnªpIqSm¯Xv?”þ N{µnI teJIsâ tNmZyamWv. F´mWmthm CXnsâ AÀ°w? CÉmw aXs¯ FXnÀ¡p¶ hÀs¡Xnsc hmsfSp¡m³ aSn¡pIbnsö kqN\ CXnepv. hmfnt\¡mÄ aqÀ¨bpÅ ‘{]Xybimkv{Xw’ BsW¦n F´n\v Cu sNdnb IrXn IpsI«Wsa¶pw \ntcm[n¡Wsa¶pw apd hnfn Iq«p¶p? “hmfpw ]WhpwsImv am{Xw P\§sf IogS¡m³ Ignbn söv hnbäv\mansâ Ncn{Xw \t½mSv hnfnt¨mXp¶nsÃ?” CXv N{µnIbpsS tNmZyamWv. Rm\pw AXnt\mSp tbmPn¡p¶p. \n tcm[\wsImv Hcmibs¯ \in¸n¡m³ Ignbnsöp IqSn AhÀ a\Ênem¡nbncps¶¦nÂ!”
\ntcm[\sa¶ D½m¡n!
‘JpÀB³: Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w’ \ntcm[n¡Wsa¶p hmZn¡p ¶hÀ Hcp Imcyw ad¶pt]msb¶p tXm¶p¶p. C³Uy Hcp C ÉmanI cmPyaÃ. ChnsS A`n{]mbkzmX{´yapÅ Hcp P\m[n ]Xy k{¼ZmbamWpÅXv. F¦nepw Hcp ]t£, aX{`m´·mcpsS \nÀ_Ô¯n\p hg§n Bsc¦nepw AXp \ntcm[n¡m³ Xbm dmbn F¶phcmw. A§s\ h¶m AXns\Xncmbn kp{]ow tImSXnhsc tIkp \S¯m³ bpànhmZnIÄ XbmdmIpw. JpÀ B³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w Cf¡nhn«Xnt\¡mÄ henb hnNmc hn¹hw Cf¡nhnSm³ AXv ImcWambn¯ocpw. B ]pkvXI ¯n\v IqSpX {]Nmchpw In«pw. Fs¶ B ]pkvXIw FgpXnb Xnsâ t]cn AdÌp sN¿Wsa¶v NneÀ Kh¬saânt\mSv Bhiys¸«n«ps¶v Adnbp¶p. AdÌp sNbvXmtem aÀ±n ¨mtem Fsâ Bibw amdpIbnÃ. A§s\ Fs´¦nepw kw`hn¨m Cu ]pkvXI¯n\v temI{]ikvXn e`n¡pw. AXv bpànhmZ {]NcW¯n\v XoÀ¨bmbpw KpWIcambn¯ocpw.
Hcp aX{`m´sâ ]pe`y§Ä eoKv ssSwkv, N{µnI F¶nhbv¡p ]pdta A Aao³, Snäv t^mÀ Smäv, lJoJ¯v, kXyZqX³, XpS§n \nch[n apÉow {]kn²oIcW§Ä F\ns¡Xncmbn teJ\§Ä FgpXnbn cp¶p. AXn ]eXpw hnaÀi\§tfm adp]SnItfm Bbncp¶nÃ, 17
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
t\sc adn¨v ]pe`y§Ä Bbncp¶p. “bpànhmZnIfpsS tIcf¯nse XesXm«¸\mb an. tPmk^v CSadpIv ao\m£n]pc¯v HmSnsb¯n CÉmwaX¯n tNÀ¶hsc Ip. ‘alÊÀ’Xbmdm¡n HSphn cq]w sImSp¯ Pmc krjvSnbmWv ‘CÉmwaX¯nse PmXn k{¼Zmbw’F¶mWv A¶knw amknI Fsâ Hcp ]pkvXIt¯¸än ]dªncn¡p¶Xv. ‘Pmck´Xn’ F¶ hm¡nt\mSv B apÉow teJI\v henb Xm ev]cyw tXm¶nsb¦nepw ChnsS AXv tbmPn¡pIbnsöv Adn bmsX t]mbXn klX]n¡pI. `À¯mhpÅ Hcp kv{Xo ]c ]pcpj\n \n¶v KÀ`w [cn¨p {]khn¡p¶ Ip«n¡mWv Pmck ´Xnsb¶p ]dbp¶Xv. KthjWw \S¯n FgpXp¶ Hcp ]pkvX I¯n\v Cu hntijWw F§s\bmWv tNcpI? shdptX No¯ ]dbWsa¶mWv ‘A¶knw’ teJIsâ Dt±isa¶pÅXv At± l¯nsâ teJ\§fnse C¯cw ]cmaÀi\§Ä sXfnbn¡p ¶p. Nne {]tbmK§fpw hmNI§fpw t\m¡pI: “hnthIanÃm¯ CSadpIv Nn´n¨p. Xsâ {`m´amb a\Êv AXn\p amÀKw Is¯n.” (A¶knw t]Pv. 103) “kzX{´ Nn´ F¶ AXy´w hgn]ng¨ bpànhmZn {]Øm \w” (A¶knw t]Pv 103) “CSadpIpw AbmfpsS A\pbmbnIfpw hnthInIfÃ. hnthI apmbncps¶¦n aXmhew_nIfmIpambncp¶p. AhnthIn IÄ¡v aXapmbncn¡bnÃ. aXanÃm¯Xn\m ChÀ arKob PohnXw \bn¡p¶p. arK¯n\v FhnsSbpw IS¶p sN¿mw. {]tXy In¨pw Im«parK¯n\v BcpsS A[o\XbnepÅ hkvXphnepw Ibdn¸nSn¡mw. arKatÃ, hntij_p²nbnÃtÃm. aämcpsS hnImc s¯bpw am\n¡Wsa¶nÃ. Xsâ IS¶m{IaWw A\ycpsS am\y Xtbbpw ]hn{XXtbbpw l\n¡psa¶p Nn´nt¡XnÃ. Nn ´n¡p¶hÀ a\pjyctÃ? kz`mh sshIeyw _m[n¨ C¯cw ZpjvSarK§sf F´mWp sNt¿sX¶v _p²nbpÅ a\pjyÀ ¡dnbmw. C{]Imcw Cu arKXpeycpsS kz`mhsshIrXs¯ H¶p hnebncp¯nbn«p thWw taÂkqNnXIrXn hniIe\w sN¿m³” (A¶knw t]Pv 104). 18
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
aXanÃm¯hscms¡ hnthIanÃm¯hcpw Im«parK§fpamWv ‘A¶kow’teJIsâ ZrjvSnbnÂ. At¸mÄ Cu Im«parK§fn Bscms¡s]Spw? hnizNn´I³amcmb _À{Sâ v dÊÂ, ImÄ amÀIvkv, CwKÀtkmÄ, tXmakv s]bn³, PhmlÀem s\{lp, F¨v.Pn.shÂkv XpS§nbhÀ¡v aXapmbncp¶nsöpÅXv {]kn²amWv. ChscÃmw Im«parK§fpw A¶knw teJI\pw AXnsâ ]{Xm[n]cpw kwkv¡mck¼¶cpw! tIcfob\mb Ipän ¸pg IrjvW]nÅ, hn.Sn. `«Xncn¸mSv, kn.hn. Ipªpcma³, kn. tIih³, kn. A¨pXtat\m³, C.Fw.Fkv. \¼qXncn¸mSv, F.sI. tKm]me³, F.sI. BâWn, Cu.sI. \mb\mÀ XpS§nbhcpw aXanÃm¯hcpsS Iq«¯n s]Spw. Chscms¡ A¶knw ]{X ¡mÀ¡v Im«parK§fmWv! A¶knw ]{X¯nsâ hnaÀi\w ChnSwsImv Ahkm\n ¡p¶nÃ. 1983 P\phcn e¡¯nse XehmNIw “am\knIhn{`m ´nbm t]bnfInb CSadpIv” F¶mWv. “fzemeb¯n \n¶v AXy´w B]¡camb ]nghnte¡m Wv AbmfpsS (CSadpInsâ) a\Êv adnªXv. CXn \n¶v _p²n bpw hnthIhpapÅhÀ a\Ênemt¡Xv AbmfpsS bYmÀ° am\knI\ne sXän¡gnªp F¶mWv.” (A¶knw t]Pv 119). “hntij_p²nbnÃm¯ hnthIiq\ycmb arK§fpsS Hcp {]Øm\¯n\mWv CbmÄ cq]w sImSp¯Xv ” (A¶knw t]Pv 119). “Ipcp¯t¡Spw t]dn IYm\mbI³ ]pXnb {]Øm\¯nsâ Np¡m³ ]nSn¨p \S¸mbn” (A¶knw t]Pv 120) “a\Ênsâ Xmfw sXänb {]XnImcaqÀ¯n”, “hnISa\kvI \mb CSadpIv”, “CSadpImim³”, “IpX{´ Nn´mKXn¡mc³” Fs¶ms¡bmWv XpSÀ¶pw Ct±lw Fs¶¸än ]dbpt¼mÄ D]tbmKn¡p¶ hntijW]Z§Ä. “hnthIanÃm¯ Im«parKw” FgpXnb hnIehpw hnIrXhpamb Ahnip²IrXntb¸än A¶ knw teJI³ asämcp`mK¯v ]dbp¶p: “kn.F³. Al½Zp auehnbpsS Jpdm³ ]cn`mjbpw klo lp _pJmcnbpsS ]cn`mjbpw B[mcam¡nbmWs{X bpàn hmZ{]NmcI³ IrXyw \nÀÆln¨ncn¡p¶Xv. IqSmsX apÉow 19
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
kapZmb¯nse \nch[n ]ÞnX³amcpsS IrXnIfpw d^d³ kn\v D]tbmKn¨n«pv.” A¶knw teJI\v C{Xsb¦nepw k½Xn¡m³ tXm¶nbXn emWv F\n¡Zv`pXw. F¦nepw asämcp `mK¯v “sshIeyhpw sshIrXhpw sshcq]yhpw \ndª AbmfpsS IrXn” F¶p hntijn¸n¡p¶pv. Cu hm¡pIfpsSsbms¡ AÀ°w A¶ knw teJI\v Adnbmtamsb¶v kwibamWv. Hcp KthjW{K Ùs¯¸änbmWv At±lw C§s\ ]dbp¶Xv.
kuZn Atd_ybv¡pthn h¡me¯v aq¶p e¡§fnembn Ak`yhÀjw \S¯nsb¦nepw JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\¯n D¶bn¨n«pÅ {][m\ hmZKXnIÄs¡m ¶pw adp]Sn ]dbm³ an\s¡«n«nÃ. BsI ]dªncn¡p¶ Hcp adp]Sn CXmWv: “Atd_ybpsS `qanimkv{Xhpw Ncn{Xhpw hniIe\w sNbvXn cn¡p¶ BZy A[ymb¯n AXns\ kmwkvImcnIambn hfsc ]nt¶m¡w \n¡p¶ Hcp `q{]tZiambmWv Nn{XoIcn¨ncn¡p ¶Xv. hnaÀiIsâ Cu hnebncp¯en bmYmÀ°yaptmsb ¶v \aps¡m¶p ]cntim[n¡mw. kuZn Atd_y, ba³ dn¸»n¡v, HamÀ, bp.F.C, J¯À, _ldbv³, Ipsshäv F¶o cmjv{S§sf bmWv Atd_y³ D]`qJÞ¯n s]Sp¯n CSadpIp ]dªn cn¡p¶Xv. kuZn Atd_ybnse \oXn\ymbhyhØsb¸än Hcp B[nImcnI {KÙw \ÂIp¶ hnhcw {i²n¡pI: “\oXn\ymb hyhØ kzX{´hpw JpÀB\n A[njvTnXhpamWv. \oXn\nÀ ÆlWw XmakanÃmsX \S¡p¶p. {Inan\ tIkpIfpsS hnNm cW, hn[n XoÀ¸v XpS§nbhsbÃmw GXm\pw BgvNIÄ¡Iw \S¡pw. Ifhn\v ssIsh«pIbmWv in£.” (A¶knw t]Pv 149). A¶knw teJI³ D²cn¡p¶ Cu B[nImcnI{KÙw tUm IvSÀ F.F³.]n. D½ÀIp«nsbgpXnb “Gjy³ Ad_n cmPy§Ä” BWv. 1978þ tIm«bs¯ Un.kn. _pIvkv {]kn²oIcn¨ {]kv XpX ]pkvXI¯nsâ 41þmw t]Pn Kh¬saâns\¸än hnhcn ¡p¶ `mK¯p\n¶mWv A¶knw teJI³ taÂsImSp¯ hmN Iw D²cn¨Xv. B ]pkvXIw BZyw apX hmbn¨pt]mbncps¶ 20
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
¦n AXnepÅ Xmsgs¡mSp¡p¶ hmNIhpw IqSn ImWmam bncp¶p. “kuZn Atd_y C¶pw Hcp ]n³\ne cmPyamWv” þ D½ÀIp«n ]dbp¶p. “shdpw HcpiXam\w `qanbmWv IrjntbmKyambn«p ÅXv. P\§fn 15 iXam\w am{Xta km£cXbpÅq. kuZn Atd_ybnse icmicn a\pjymbpÊv 40 hÀjamWv. P\§fpsS cmjv{Sob t_m[w GXmv iq\yamsW¶p ]dbmw. `cWhpw k¼¯pw GdnbIqdpw \nb{´n¡p¶Xv cmPIpSpw_¯nse A\ h[n cmPIpamc·mcmWv.” (Gjy³ Ad_n cmPy§Ä, t]Pv 18) “kmwkvImcnIambn hfsc ]nt¶m¡w \n¡p¶hbmWv Cu cmPy§Ä” F¶v Rm³ ]dª Hcp hmNIs¯ hnaÀin¡m³ A¶knw teJI³ FSp¯p ImWn¨ B[nImcnI {KÙ¯n ]dbp¶ ta ImWn¨ hnhcWhpw “Ad_nItfmSpw Ad_n cmPy§tfmSpapÅ a\pjyXzclnXamb þAtX, arKobm[njvTn Xambþ sImSnb hntZzj¯nsâ ^ew” Bbn teJI³ ImWptam?
A¶knws\ A¶knw JÞn¡p¶p!
“GIssZhhnizmk¯ne[njvTnXhpw A\mNmc§tfm AÔ hnizmk§tfmSp sXm«pXonbn«nÃm¯Xpamb CÉmw aXs¯ hnaÀin¨Xv sXämbn F¶v A¶knw teJI³ F\ns¡Xncmbn FgpXnb teJ\¯n FSp¯p ]dbp¶p (t]Pv 103). ]t£, {] kvXpX amknIbpsS asämcp `mK¯v ]mephÅn A_vZp l aoZv auehn FgpXnb ‘Imew amdp¶p, CÉmw \odp¶p’ Fs¶mcp teJ\w ImWmw. AsXm¶p hmbn¨p t\m¡nbm AÔhnizm k§fpw A\mNmc§fpw CÉmans\ sXm«pXonbn«ptm F¶v a\ÊnemIpw. AXn \n¶v Hcp `mKw am{Xw D²cn¡mw: “C¶s¯ apkÂams\ H¶p \nco£n¡pI. Ah\n¶p amXm ]nXm¡fpv. ]t£, Xncn¨dnhnÃ. ktlmZc·mcpv. ]t£, hnthIanÃ. k´m\§fpv. ]t£, IcpW ImWn¡p¶nÃ. `oXn hnÚm\k¼¯n\p t{]cn¸n¡p¶panÃ. alm·mcpv. ]s£ BZcn¡s¸Sp¶nÃ. k¼¯pv, AÃmlphnsâ amÀK¯n Nne hgn¡p¶nÃ. BtcmKyapv. AÃmlphnsâ ap¶n kpPqZv 21
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
sN¿m³ a\ÊnÃ. c£IÀ¯m¡fpv, AhÀ A\pkcn¡s¸Sp ¶nÃ.” (A¶knw t]Pv 147) “JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w” F¶ Fsâ ]pkvXI¯n\p adp]Snbmbn “CÉmapw CSadpIpw” F¶ t]cn kn.Sn. A_vZp dlow FgpXnb ]pkvXI¯n \n¶v Hcp`mKw ChnsS D²cn ¡mw: “hnizmk]camb AÔXbnepw B[p\nI apÉo§Ä BcptS bpw ]n¶neÃ. shfn¨¯nsâ hmlIcpw {]NmcIcpsa¶ _lpa Xn¡v AÀlcmbncp¶ apÉow kapZmbw Xncn¨dnbm\mhm¯ hn[w Ccp«nsâ ASnaIfmbn Xcw Xmgv¶ncn¡bmWv. Hcp Ime ¯v AÔhnizmk§Äs¡Xnsc ]Shmtf´nb Ic§Ä C¶v AÔhnizmk¯n\p thn ]Ss]mcpXns¡mncn¡p¶p.” (CÉmapw CSadpIpw t]Pv 122) “CÉmanI ZÀi\hpw apÉo§fpsS PohnXhpw X½nepÅ _Ôw hfsc t\À¯pt]mbncn¡p¶p.” (CÉmapw CSadpIpw t]Pv 123) ‘A¶knw’ amknIbpsS hnaÀi\§Ä¡v F´pam{Xw Ig¼p s¶v CXn \n¶v hyàamIp¶pv. Hcmsf hnaÀin¨v Fs´ ¦nepw FgpXpt¼mÄ, AXv {]kn²oIcn¡p¶ ]{X¯nsâ Hcp tIm¸n B Bfn\v Ab¨p sImSp¡p¶Xv Hcp kmam\y acymZ bmWv. ]t£, A¶knw amknI¡mÀ B acymZ ImWn¨nÃ. CS hmbn \n¶v apÉow IpSpw_¯n P\n¨ lmjnw Fs¶mcp bphkplr¯mWv AsX\n¡v Ab¨pX¶Xv. AtXmsSm¸w At± lw Ab¨ I¯nse GXm\pw `mK§Ä, Xmsg tNÀ¡p¶p. “Cu I¯nt\msSm¸w Hcp apÉow {]kn²oIcWamb A¶ knw F¶ amknIbnÂ, Xm¦sfgpXnb ‘JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w’ F¶ ]pkvXIs¯ sXämsW¶p kaÀ°n¨pw Xm¦sf hyàn]cambn Bt£]n¨pw FgpXnb Hcp teJ\w shbv¡p¶p. AsXgpXnb a\pjysâ kwkv¡mcw sXfnbn¡p¶XmWXv. adp ]Sn AÀln¡m¯hn[w _meniamWv AXnse hmZKXnIsf¶v hmbn¡p¶hÀ¡v a\ÊnemIpw. Cu adp]Sn teJ\w hmbn¨ t¸mgmWv Xm¦fpsS ]pkvXI¯nsâ ap¼n apÉow aX]Þn 22
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
X·mÀ F{Xt¯mfw XIÀ¶pt]mbn«ps¶v a\ÊnemIp¶Xv. ” ]{XamknIIfneqsS C§s\ ]pe`y§Ä {]kn²oIcn¨Xp sImv am{Xw apÉow ]ptcmlnX·mÀ Xr]vXns¸«nÃ. tIcfsam «msI AhÀ Cu ]pkvXIs¯ hnaÀin¡p¶Xn\p thn \nc h[n aX{]kwK]c¼cIÄ Xs¶ \S¯n. thsd NneÀ Fsâ ]pkvXI¯ns\Xncmbn \nch[n ImskäpIÄ X¿mdm¡n {]Ncn ¸n¨p. ]t£, CXn Hcp¯Àt]mepw AXn Hcp Imsksä¦nepw F\n¡b¨pXcm³ X¿mdmbnÃ. HcmfpsS A`n{]mb§Äs¡Xn sc Hcp ]pkvXIsagpXpItbm, Imskäv Cd¡pItbm sN¿p t¼mÄ AXnsâ {]Xn hnaÀin¡s¸« hyàn¡v Ab¨psImSp t¡Xv Hcp acymZ am{XamWv. AXpt]mepw Cu ImskäpIfpsS DSaIÄ sNbvXnÃ. Cu ImskäpIÄ Fsâ ssIbn s]SmXncn ¡m³ {i²n¡Wsa¶v Nne apÅamÀ ]dªXmbpw tI«p. F´m Wv C¯cw Hcp at\m`mh¯n\v Ahsc t{]cn¸n¨Xv? AhÀ ]dbp¶ hmZKXnIÄ¡p \ne\n¸nsöpXs¶btÃ?
]Xnaq¶v ]pkvXI§Ä
]{XamknIIfn h¶ hnaÀi\§Ä¡p ]pdta, ‘JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w’ F¶ ]pkvXI¯nse hmZKXnIsf JÞn¡p ¶Xn\p thn Bdp ]pkvXI§Ä CXn\nsS Cd§nbXmbn Fsâ {i²bn s]«n«pv. Ah Xmsg ]dbp¶hbmWv. 1. CÉmapw CSadpIpw {KÙIÀ¯mhv: kn.Sn. A_vZpÀ dlnw. {]km[IÀ: AÂlpZm _pIvÌmÄ, tImgnt¡mSv, t]Pv. 131. {]kn²oIcn¨Xv. 1982þUnkw_dnÂ. 2. CSadpIv hnaÀin¨ CÉmw {KÙIÀ¯mhv : C. XmlnÀ {]km[IÀ: tSm]mkv ]»nt¡j³kv, I®qÀ, t]Pv 175. {]kn²oIcWw: 1983 Unkw_À. 3. bpànhmZnIfpw CÉmapw {KÙIÀ¯mhv: H. A_vZpÀ dlvam³ 23
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
{]km[I³: CÉmanIv ]»njnwKv lukv, tImgnt¡mSv, t]Pv 316 {]kn²oIcWw: 1984 s^{_phcn 4. JpÀB³ hnaÀiIÀ¡v adp]Sn FgpXnbXv: Hcp kwLw teJIÀ FUnäÀ Sn.hn. apl½Zen. {]km[I³: [njWm {KÙthZn, XriqÀ, t]Pv 151, {]kn²oIcWw: 1984 s^{_phcn. 5. CSadpIn\v Hcp adp]Sn {KÙIÀ¯mhv: Fkv.Fw. X§Ä {]km[I³: Fkv. Fw. X§Ä \mZm]pcw. t]Pv 62. {]kn²oIcWw: 1984. 6. JpÀBsâ alna CSadpIn\v 11001 I C\mw {KÙIÀ¯mhv : F³. A_vZpÀ dlnw {]km[IÀ: tIcf Al½Zn¿m apÉow tÌäv I½än, t]Pv 39. {]kn²oIcWw: 1985 s^{_phcn. Rm³ FgpXnb ‘JpÀ B³ Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w’ F¶ ]pkvX I¯n\v 174 t]PpIÄ am{Xta DÅq. taÂsImSp¯ FÃm ]pkvXI §Ä¡pwIqSn 875 t]PpIfpv. Fsâ ]pkvXIs¯ hnaÀin¨psImv C§s\ Bdp {KÙ §Ä ]pd¯p h¶t¸mÄ Xs¶, JpÀBs\ hnaÀin¡p¶ aäp Nne IrXnIÄIqSn aebmf¯n ]pd¯phcnIbpmbn. JpÀ B³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w F¶ Fsâ {KÙ¯n \n¶pw Bth iw DÄs¡mhcpw apÉow kapZmb¯n P\n¨hcpambncp¶p B IrXnIfn an¡Xntâbpw IÀ¯m¡·mÀ. Ahbn {][m\ s¸«htb¸änbpÅ hnhc§Ä Xmsg sImSp¡p¶p. 1. JpÀB\nsâ Aimkv{XobX KWnX¯neqsS {KÙIÀ¯mhv: A_vZpÅ ta¸bqÀ {]km[IÀ: lnIva¯v ]»nt¡j³kv, ta¸bqÀ. 24
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
t]Pv 18 {]kn²oIcWw 1983. 2. CÉmansâ X\n\ndw {KÙIÀ¯mhv: sI.hn. skbvXp apl½Zv, B\¡bw, {]km[IÀ: bpànNn´m _pIvkv, IÃnbqÀ, Xncph\´]pcw. t]Pv. 48, {]kn²oIcWw 1983. 3. Al½Zv auehnbpsS ]¨ \pWIÄ {KÙIÀ¯mhv: sI.hn. skbvZpapl½Zv, B\¡bw. {]km[IÀ: lnIva¯v ]»nt¡j³kv, ta¸bqÀ, t]Pv 152 {]kn²oIcWw 1983 \hw_À. 4. apÉow hÀKobX C³Uy³ cmjv{Sob¯n {KÙIÀ¯mhv: tUm. C.hn. Dkvam³ tImb {]km[IÀ: C³Uy³ FXoÌv ]»ntjgvkv, \yqsUÂln. t]Pv 152, {]kn²oIcWw 1983 Pqsse. 5. JpÀB\nsâ X\n\ndw {KÙIÀ¯mhv: F³.]n. dkm¡v {]km[IÀ: lnIva¯v ]»nt¡j³kv, ta¸bqÀ. t]Pv 32. {]kn²oIcWwþ 1984 sabv. 6. apl½Zpw JpÀB\pw {KÙIÀ¯mh:v Fw._n.sI. {]km[IÀ: hna ]»nt¡j³kv, I®qÀ, t]Pv 344. {]kn²oIcWw þ 1983 Unkw_À. 7. icnA¯pw a\pjymhImi§fpw {KÙIÀ¯mhv: CSadpIv. {]km[IÀ: C³Uy³ FXoÌv ]»ntjgvkv, \yqsUÂln t]Pv 64 {]kn²oIcWw: 1984 sk]vXw_À. ‘JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w’ hgn DZvLmS\w sN¿s¸« CÉmwaX hnaÀi\¯nsâ {]XymLmX§fmWv Cu ]Xnaq¶p 25
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
{KÙ§Ä. AXn Bsd®w CÉmwaXt¯bpw JpÀBs\bpw \ymboIcn¡p¶p. Gsg®w Ahsb FXnÀ¡p¶p. C{Xbpw Fsâ {i²bn s]« ]pkvXI§fmWv. CXn\p ]pdta Cu Ime L«¯n Cu hnjbs¯ kw_Ôn¨v aäp ]pkvXI§Ä Cd§n bn«ptm F¶v F\n¡dnbnÃ. apÉow ]{XamknIIfnepw bpàn hmZ {]kn²oIcW§fnepw C¶pw bpànhmZhpw CÉmwaXhn aÀi\hpw kPohamb Hcp NÀ¨mhnjbamWv. Fsâ Hcp ]pkvX I¯n\v C{Xbpw Ne\apm¡m³ IgnªXn Rm³ A`nam\n ¡p¶p. A\pIqen¨pw {]XnIqen¨pw Cu NÀ¨bn ]s¦Sp¯ FÃmhÀ¡pw Rm³ \µn tcJs¸Sp¯p¶p. CÉmans\bpw JpÀ Bs\bpw hnaÀi\hnt[bam¡p¶ \nch[n ]pXnb ]pkvXI §Ä {]kn²oIcn¡p¶Xn\v Cu ]pkvXIw t{]cWbmIpsa¶v F\n¡v Dd¸pv. Fsâ ]pkvXI¯nse hmZKXnItfmSv \qdp iXam\hpw tbmPn¡pIbpw AtXkabw B ]pkvXIw {]kn²oIcn¨Xn\v Fs¶ hnaÀin¡pIbpw sNbvX, asämcp hn`mKw BÄ¡mcpv þtIcf¯nse amÀIvknÌpImÀ. AhÀ ]dªXv aXs¯ C§ s\ Xpds¶XnÀ¡p¶Xp sXämsW¶pw aX{`m´nf¡phm³ am{X ta AXp klmbn¡pIbpÅq F¶pamWv. Cu ]pkvXIw ]pd¯p h¶n«v Ct¸mÄ aq¶p hÀjw ]qÀ¯nbmbn. aq¶p ]Xn¸pIfn embn 32,000 {]XnIÄ AXp hnäp. F¶n«pw ]pkvXIw In«m\nÃm sX BfpIÄ AXn\pthn ]c¡w ]mbpIbmbncp¶p. ]ecpw Cu ]pkvXI¯nsâ kntdmIvkv tIm¸nIÄ FSp¯p hnXcWw sNbvXp. ]pkvXIw ssIadnªp ssIadnªv BfpIÄ hmbn¨p. Hcp ]pkvXIw Npcp§nbXv 20 t]sc¦nepw sh¨p hmbn¨n«p mIWw. A¡W¡n Bdce£w t]sc¦nepw Cu ]pkvXIw hmbn¨p ImWpw. F¶n«pw CXnsâ t]cn Hcp aX{`m´pw Cf InbnÃ. NneÀ {]Xntj[n¡pIbpw thsd NneÀ Fsâ tImew I¯n¡pIbpw sNbvXp F¶ÃmsX asäm¶pw DmbnÃ. AtX kabw apÉow kapZmb¯n P\n¨ At\Iw bphXo bphm¡ ·msc B aX¯nsâ I\¯ AÔImc¯n \n¶pw ]pd¯p sImphcm³ Cu ]pkvXI¯n\p Ignªp. {InkvXpaXt¯bpw 26
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
lnµpaXt¯bpw hnaÀin¨psImv Rm³ FgpXnb ]pkvXI §Ä hmbn¨hcn ]ecpw B aX§Ä Dt]£n¨p. aXclnX amb Hcp kzX {´ am\h kapZmbs¯ krjvSn¡p¶Xn\v Xpd¶ aX hnaÀi\w BhiyamsW¶v CXp sXfnbn¡p¶p. FÃm aX§tfmSpw AÔ hnizmk§tfmSpw kÔnsNbvXp sImpw aXt\Xm¡·mcpsS ap¼n XeIp\n¨psImpw BWv C³Uy bnse Nne CSXp]£ ]mÀ«nIÄ apt¼m«p \o§p¶Xv. Adp] ¯n\mep hÀj§Ä Ignªn«pw C¶pw B hI ]mÀ«nIÄ apS ´n \o´p¶Xnsâ ImcWhpw asäm¶Ã. ‘JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w’ F¶ Fsâ Cu {KÙ¯ns\ Xncmbn {]kn²oIcn¡s¸«n«pÅ Bdp ]pkvXI§fntebpw hmZKXnIÄ¡pÅ Fsâ adp]SnIÄ Ahkm\ `mK¯p sImSp ¯ncn¡p¶p. Cu ]pkvXIs¯ A\pIqen¨pw {]XnIqen¨pw hnaÀi\w FgpXnb FÃmhÀ¡pw Rm³ \µn tcJs¸Sp¯p¶p. CSadpIv, \yqsUÂln, 30-þ5þ1985
27
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
H¶mw ]Xn¸nsâ Dt]mZvLmXw temI¯n \nch[n aX§fpv. {InkvXpaXw, CÉmwaXw, bqZ aXw, _p²aXw, lnµpaXw, I¬^yqjy³ aXw, emthmaXw, jntâmaXw F¶nh AXn {][m\s¸«XmWv. CXn IqSpX kwLSnXhpw am\hcminbpsS ]ptcmKXn¡v Gähpw IqSpX XSkapm¡p¶Xpw a[y]uckvXy tZis¯ skanänIv P\hn `mK§fpsSbnSbn DZv`hn¨ bqZaXw, {InkvXpaXw, CÉmwaXw F¶nhbmWv. ]ckv]cw t]mcmSp¶ps¦nepw skanänIv ]mc ¼cyw Cu aq¶p Iq«cpw AhImis¸Sp¶p. P\kwJybpsS ASnØm\¯n t\m¡nbm H¶mwØm\w {InkvXpaX¯n\pw cmwØm\w CÉmwaX¯n\pw BWv. Cu cp aX§fpw X½n temIt\XrXz¯n\pthn \S¯nb bp²§fpw Hgp¡nb cà¸pgIfpw Ncn{X¯n tcJs¸Sp¯s¸ «n«pv. tdma³þ{Ko¡p kwkvImc§sf {InkvXpaXw XIÀ¯p. AÊndnb, t]Àjy, CuPn]vXv XpS§nb \mKcnIXIsf CÉmwa Xhpw \in¸n¨p. ]meskvXo\nse P\§sf B«ntbmSn¨v bqZ aXw AhnsS cmjv{Sw Øm]n¡pIbpw temIkam[m\s¯ `oj Wns¸Sp¯pIbpw sNbvXpsImncn¡p¶p. Cu ]cnXØnXn bn bqZaXw, {InkvXpaXw, CÉmwaXw F¶nhsb¸än IqSpX ]Tn¡pIbpw Cu aq¶p aX§fpw temI¯n\p sNbvXpsImncn ¡p¶ t{Zml§Ä Xpd¶pImWn¡pIbpw sNt¿Xv Bhiy amWv. {InkvXpaXw, bqZaXw F¶nhbpsS Ncn{Xt¯bpw Ah cpsS aX{KÙ§tfbpw Xpd¶p ImWn¡p¶ \nch[n {KÙ§Ä {]kn²oIcn¡s¸«n«pv. bqtdm¸n B cp aX§fptSbpw cq£X Ipdbv¡m³ B hnaÀi\ {K٧ġp Ignªp. F ¶m CÉmw aX{KÙ§fnte¡v shfn¨w hoip¶ A[nIw 28
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
{KÙ§Ä Dmbn«nÃ. AhcpsS aX{KÙ§Ä A[nIhpw Ad _n`mjbnembXpsImmWXv. hnaÀiI·mcpsS t\sc `ojWn DbÀ¯p¶ kz`mhw Nne apÉo§Ä¡pÅXpsImv Fs´¦n epw Ahsc¸änsbgpXm³ ]ecpw aSn¡pIbpw sNbvXp. bpàn hmZnIÄ¡pw \mkvXnI·mÀ¡psam¶pw CÉmwaXs¯¸än hnaÀ in¡ms\m¶pansöpw hnaÀi\§Ä¡v AXoXamb Hcp aXam WsX¶pw ASp¯ Ime¯v tIcf¯nse Nne apÉow t\Xm¡ ·mÀ FgpXpIbpw ]dbpIbpw sNbvXt¸mgmWv B aXs¯¸än IqSpX ]Tn¡Wsa¶p tXm¶nbXv. JpÀB\pw lZokpIfpam Wv AhcpsS {][m\ aX{KÙ§Ä. AhbpsS Cw¥ojnepw ae bmf¯nepapÅ XÀÖaIÄ Rm³ tiJcn¨p ]Tn¨t¸mÄ aäp aX§tft¸mseXs¶ hfsc {]mIrXamWv CÉmwaXhpw F¶p hyàambn. XpSÀ¶v CÉmw aXs¯¸än In«mhp¶ {KÙ§Ä tiJcn¨p Rm³ ]T\w XpS§n. AXnsâ ^eamWv Cu {KÙw. C³Uybn apÉo§Ä Hcp \yq\]£ kapZmbambXpsImv AhÀ¡v kaql¯n Nne AhiXIfpw ]nt¶m¡\nebpw DÅXpsImpw Ignbp¶{X Ahsc hnaÀin¡mXncn¡pI F¶ \ne]mSmbncp¶p F\n¡pmbncp¶Xv. ]t£, ASp¯ Ime ¯mbn apÉow ^saâenÌpIÄ ChnsS \S¯p¶ aX{]NcW ¯nsâ kz`mhw It¸mÄ AXv A]ISIcamb \o¡amsW¶p hyàambn. \yq\]£ hÀKobX, `qc]£¯nsâ hÀKobX t]mse Xs¶ A]ISIcamWv. B A]ISw Hgnhm¡p¶Xn\pÅ GI amÀKw B aX¯nsâ DÅpIÅnIÄ Xpd¶p ImWn¡pI bmWv. A§s\ sNbvsX¦n am{Xta aXclnXamb Hcp kapZm bs¯ hmÀs¯Sp¡m³ IgnbpIbpÅq. Hcp bpànhmZnbmb Fs¶ kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfw Hcp {]tXyI aXt¯mSpw B`nap JyanÃ. aX§fnÃm¯ Hcp kaqlw DmtIXv BhiyamsW ¶p Rm³ IcpXp¶p. CÉmwaX¯n AÔambn hnizkn¡p¶ IptdbmfpIfpsSsb¦nepw I®p Xpd¸n¡m³ Cu ]pkvXIw klmbIamsb¦n Rm³ kwXr]vX\mWv. Cu {KÙcN\bn {][m\ambn D]tbmKn¨n«pÅ d^d³kv {KÙ§fpsS Hcp ]«nI Ahkm\w sImSp¯n«pv. D²cWnIÄ 29
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
s¡Ãmw AXmXv A²ymb¯nÂXs¶ d^d³kpw sImSp¯ncn ¡p¶p. JpÀB³, lZokpIÄ F¶nhbn \n¶pÅ D²cWnIÄ A[nIw kn.F³. Al½Zp auehnbpsS XÀÖabn \n¶mWv FSp¯n«pÅXv. tIcf¯nse kp¶nIfpw apPmlnZpIfpw Al ½Zv auehnbpsS JpÀB³ AwKoIcn¡p¶nà F¶dnbm¯Xp sImà AXn \n¶pw D²cWnIÄ kzoIcn¨Xv. XmcXtay\ `mj sa¨amsW¶pÅXpw km[mcW¡mÀ¡v e`yamb hnhÀ ¯\{KÙw AXmsW¶pÅXpw am{XamWv AXn\p ImcWw. JpÀB\n \n¶pw lZokpIfn \n¶pw D²cn¨n«pÅ hmNI §fnepÅ Nne Npcp¡£c§Ä apÉow aX{KÙ§fpambn ]cnN banÃm¯hÀ¡v Akm[mcWambnt¯m¶mw. apl½Zp\_n (k), Xncpta\n (k) Bbnjm (d) XpS§nbhbmWh. GsX¦n epw {][m\s¸« hyànIfpsS t]scm, Ahsc kv]Àin¡p¶ kÀÆ \matam D]tbmKn¡pt¼mÄ C§s\ k, d, A Fs¶ms¡ {_m¡än ImWpw. AhbpsS AÀ°w Xmsg sImSp¡p¶p. 1. (k) Ft¶m (k, A) Ft¶m ImWp¶Xv apl½Zp\_n bpsS t]cnt\mSpIqSn tNÀ¡p¶p. kÃÃmlp Asseln hkÃw F¶mWv AXnsâ ]qÀWcq]w. AÃmlp At±l¯nsâ t]cn A\p{Klhpw kmam[m\hpw im´nbpw \ÂIs« F¶mWÀ°w. 2. (A) Asse lnÊemw F¶Xnsâ Npcp¡amWv. At±l¯n sâta kam[m\c£ DmIs« F¶mWv CXnsâ kmcw. 3. (d) CXp cp L«§fn D]tbmKn¡pw. apl½Znsâ k l{]hÀ¯Isc (klm_nIÄ)¸än ]dbpt¼mÄ “dfznbÃmlp A³lp” F¶mWv tNÀ¡p¶Xv. “AÅmlp At±ls¯¡pdn¨v Xr]vXns¸Ss«”F¶mWXn sâ AÀ°w. klm_nIfÃm¯ aX{]amWnIfpsS t]cnsâ Ah km\¯n ‘(d)’ F¶p tNÀ¡pt¼mÄ ‘dlnalpÃmlp’ F¶ {]mÀ°\bmWv ]dbp¶Xv. “AÃmlp At±l¯n\p IcpW sN¿s«” F¶v. CXpt]mse Xs¶ JpÀB³ hmIy§Ä sImSp¡pt¼mÄ, 2:138, 10:25 Fs¶ms¡bmhpw d^d³kv \evIp¶Xv. CXn BZy 30
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
t¯Xnsâ AÀ°w JpÀB³ cmw A[ymbw 138þmw Bb¯v (hmIyw) F¶mWv. cmat¯Xv 10þmw A[ymbw 25þmw hmIyam sW¶pw a\Ênem¡pI. lZokpIÄ XpSÀ¨bmb \¼dpIÄ C«p sImSp¯ncn¡p¶XpsImv B \¼À Xs¶ d^d³kn sImSp ¯n«pv. ]pkvXI§fpsS Hmtcm ]Xn¸pIÄ¡pw t]Pv hyXykvX ambn hcp¶XpsImmWv JpÀB³ hN\§fpsSbpw lZokpI sfbpw \¼À \ÂInbncn¡p¶Xv. hyXykvX ]Xn¸pIÄ ]cntim [n¡p¶hÀ¡v At¸mÄ _p²nap«p hcnIbnÃ. Cu {KÙcN\bv¡mhiyamb Nne ]pkvXI§Ä tiJcn¨p XcnIbpw th \nÀt±i§Ä \ÂIpIbpw sNbvX Fsâ Hcp am\y kplr¯ns\¡qSn kvacn¡msX Cu Ipdn¸v Ahkm\n¸n ¡p¶Xv icnbÃ. Ad_n ]ÞnX\pw bpànhmZnbpamb sI.sI. A_vZpÄ Aen auehn BWv AXv. ]e Ad_n hmIy§fptSbpw AÀ°w Cw¥ojv þ aebmfw ]cn`mjIfpambn H¯pt\m¡n ]cntim[n¡p¶Xn\v At±lw sNbvXpX¶ klmbw hfsc hnes¸«XmWv. apÉo§fpw AapÉo§fpamb aebmfnIÄ Cu {KÙs¯ klÀjw kzmKXw sN¿psa¶v Rm³ IcpXp¶p. CSadpIv \yqsUÂln, 30þ6þ1982
31
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
1 Atd_y: `qanimkv{Xhpw Ncn{Xhpw sX¡p]Snªmsd GjybnÂ, ]Snªmdv sN¦Sepw Ing¡v t]À jy³ DÄ¡Sepw sX¡v Ad_n¡Sepw AXncp Xncn¡p¶ Hcp hnkvXrXamb D]`qJÞamWv Atd_y. hS¡v tPmÀZm\pw Cdm ¡pw ØnXnsN¿p¶p. Cu D]`qJÞ¯nsâ IqSnb \ofw 2410 Intemaoädpw IqSnb hoXn 1930 IntemaoädpamWv. BsI hnkv XoÀ®w: 29,78,000 N.In.ao. kuDZn Atd_y, sba\n dn¸»n¡v, P\Iob P\mb¯ sSa\n dn¸»n¡v, Ham³, bp.F.C, J¯À, _lvdbn³, Ipsshbväv F¶o cmjv{S§Ä Atd_y³ D]`qJÞ¯n s]Sp¶p. F®¸Ww sImv k¼¶amb cmjv{S§fmWv ChsbÃmw. AXpsImp Xs¶ temIkm¼¯nI cwK¯v Atd_ybv¡v C¶v DbÀ¶ Øm\apv. F¦nepw kmwkvImcnIambn hfsc ]nt¶m¡w \n ¡p¶hbmWv Cu cmPy§Ä F¶pÅXv Hcp bmYmÀ°yamWv. Atd_ybpsS GXmv ap¡m `mKhpw DW§n hc acp{] tZi§fmWv. AXpsImmWv ‘hc tZiw’ F¶v AÀ°apÅ Atd_y F¶v B {]tZi¯n\p t]cp h¶Xv. ]Snªmdp`mK¯v hfsc hoXnIpdª Hcp Xoc{]tZiapv. AXn\p Ing¡v, sX¡p hS¡v \op InS¡p¶ Hcp ]ÀÆX{]tZiamWv. AXn AknÀ ae\ncIÄ¡v 2800 aoäÀhsc Dbcw hcpw. sba\nse Nne ae IÄ¡v 3000 aoäÀ hsc Dbcapv. Cu ]ÀÆX{]tZi¯n\p Ing ¡pÅ a[y Atd_y an¡hmdpw acp`qanbmWv. ]gb Aán]ÀÆ X§fpsS AhinjvS§Ä AhnsS ImWmw. D]`qJÞ¯nsâ Gähpw Ing¡p`mKw DudÂ{]tZi§fmWv . AhnsSbmWv F®¸mS§Ä ØnXnsN¿p¶Xv . AÂXpss_Jv ]ÀÆXw 32
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
tPmÀZms\bpw Atd_ytbbpw thÀXncn¡p¶p. CXn\p sXm«p sX¡mWv P_ ^½mÀ aeIÄ. Ahbv¡pw sN¦Sen\panSbn kmam\yw hnkvXrXamb kaXeapv. a[y]qÀÆ Atd_ybnse sX¡³ Atd_ybnepw [mcmfw kaXe{]tZi§Ä ImWmw. d^qZv, dq_ÂJmen F¶o t]cpIfn Adnbs¸Sp¶ h³acp`qan Ifpw Cu D]`qJÞ¯n ØnXnsN¿p¶p. ]Snªmsd Xoc¯v sN¦SenepÅ Hcp {][m\ XpdapJamWv Pn±. Atd_y³ D]`qJÞ¯nsâ ]Snªmdp sN¦SenepÅ ^mÀkn³ aW¯«pw temI{]kn²amWv. \nch[n sNdnb Zzo]pIfpw ]hng¸päpIfpw AXn Dv. sX¡pÅ sba³, ]oT `qanIfpw aeIfpw Xmgvhmc§fpw \ndª {]tZiamWv. \ZnIsf¶v ]dbmhp¶ H¶pwXs¶ Atd_ybnenÃ. sImà ¯n GXm\pw amk§fn am{Xw PeapÅ Nne \ZnIÄ sba³ `mK¯pv. kuDZn Atd_ybn AkoÀ ae{¼tZi§fn IptdtÈ ag In«p¶p. _m¡n `mK§fn hÀj¯n Ht¶m ctm ag In«nsb¦nembn. `qKÀ` DdhpIÄ¡p kao]apÅ acp¸ ¨IfnemWv ]«W§fpw {Kma§fpw hfÀ¶ph¶n«pÅXv. D¯c Atd_ybnse icmicn ag 76.2 anÃn aoädmWv. th\¡me¯v Cu `mK§fn 54 skânt{KUphsc NqSp hÀ²n¡pw. Unkw_À apX amÀ¨phscbpÅ ioXImew A{X ITn\aÃ. ]t£, ae {¼tZi§fn lna]mXw DmhpI A¡me¯v Akm[mcW aÃ. Cu´¸\bmWv Atd_ybnse Gähpw {][m\Irjn. ae{¼ tZi§fnepw Xoc{]tZi§fnepw ISp¯ acp`qanIfnepaÃm¯ FÃm Øe§fnepw AXp hfcp¶p. CXnsâ ]gamWv Ad_nI fpsS apJy Blmcw. Ddpam¼gw, am§m, PqPqs_, X®na¯³, A¯n¸gw, ap´ncn, hmg¸gw, \mc§m, _Zmw XpS§nbhbpw an¡ acp¸¨Ifpw e`n¡p¶p. ]eXcw ]q¡fpw AhnsS hfcp¶p v. Ipän¡mSpIbpw apÄs¨SnIfpw SÀWmdnkvIv achpw BWv Atd_ybnse§pw ImWp¶ aäpNneXv. {Sq^n F¶dnbs¸Sp¶ HcpXcw Ing§pIfpw ]e Øe¯pw e`n¡p¶p. D¯c sba\n Im¸nbmWv {][m\ Irjn. C³Uybnte¡v Im¸n¡pcp sImp 33
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
hcp¶Xv AhnsS\n¶msW¶pÅXpw kvacWobamWv. _mÀen, tKmX¼v, FÅv, tNmfw, ]cp¯n F¶nh sba\n hfcp¶p. Atd_ybnse Gähpw ^e`qbnjvSamb {]tZiamWv sba³. H«IamWv Atd_ybnse Gähpw {][m\ arKw. B D]`qJÞ ¯nsâ k¼ZvhyhØbn ASp¯ Imewhsc Ahbv¡v hfsc {]m[m\yapmbncp¶p. hc acp`qanbnse bm{Xbv¡pw amwkw, ]mÂ, XpIÂ, F¶nhbv¡pw Ad_nIÄ H«Is¯ B{ibn¨n cp¶p. sN½cnbmSv, tImemSv F¶nhbmWv aäp hfÀ¯parK§Ä. ]ip hfÀ¯Â XmcXtay\ IpdhmWv. am³, Ipdp¡³, sF_Ivk,v sN¶mb XpS§nbh hnP\ {]tZi§fn hfcp¶p. hnjw IqSp XepÅ ]m¼pIfpw ]eXcw ]ÃnIfpw IgpI³, ]cp´v, aq§m XpS§nb ]£nIfpw AhnsSbpv. sh«pInfnIÄ ]et¸mgpw Irjn \in¸n¡p¶p. PeZuÀe`yhpw hc ImemhØbpw sImv AXn]pcmX\ Imew apXÂXs¶ Ad_nIÄ Irjntb¡mtfsd arK§sf hfÀ ¯p¶Xnepw, hmWnPyhpw hym]mchpw \S¯p¶XnepamWv {i²n ¨ncp¶Xv. Ccp]Xmw \qämphsc Ad_nIfn Hcp henb hn`m Kw \mtSmSnPohnXw \bn¨ncp¶p. F®bpev]mZ\w hcp¯n sh¨ km¼¯nIamäw AhcpsS \mtSmSn PohnXw Ahkm\n¸n¨p. Ct¸mÄ Atd_y³ cmjv{S§fn AhnShnsS DbÀ¶phcp¶ \Kc§Ä FÃm B[p\nI kuIcy§fpw DÅhbmWv. skanänIv F¶dnbs¸Sp¶ hn`mK¯nÂs]«hcmWv Ad_n IÄ F¶v s]mXpth ]dbmw. ]pcmX\ bqZ·mÀ, AÊndnb¡mÀ, ^n\ojyÀ, ImÀt¯PpImÀ F¶nhscms¡ AXnÂs]Spw. skan änIv `mjIfnsem¶mb Ad_n¡mWv Atd_ybnse kwkmc `mj. aäp P\hn`mK§fpambn hnhml_Ô¯nteÀs¸«v k¦c hÀKambn Xocm³ Ad_nIÄ¡v Hcp aSnbpanÃ. sN¦S Xoc¯v \ot{KmIfpambpw hS¡pIng¡³ {]tZi§fn Cdm\nIfp ambpw AhÀ hfsctbsd k¦cs¸«n«pv.
Ncn{Xw apl½Zp\_nbpsS Ime¯n\pap¼v shdpw \mtSmSnhÀK§Ä Xmakn¨ncp¶ Hcp {]tZiambncp¶p Atd_ysb¶pw temINcn 34
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
{X¯n B {]tZi¯n\p henb Øm\sam¶pw Dmbncp¶n söpamWv ]ecptSbpw [mcW. AXpicnbÃ, ]pcmhkvXpKth jWw A[nIw \S¶n«nsænepw In«nbnSt¯mfw hnhc§fn \n¶v ]pcmX\ inembpKw apXÂXs¶ P\hmkapÅ Hcp {]tZ iambncp¶p CsX¶v hyàamIp¶pv. BZyIme¯v C¶t¯ Xp t]mse hc {]tZiambncp¶nà Atd_ysb¶v IcpXm\pw sXfnhpIfpv. ap¸Xn\mbncw hÀj§Ä¡pap¼v C¶s¯ ehW acp¸c¸pIfn ]eXpw XSmI§fmbncp¶p. AhbpsS Xoc§fn \n¶v inembpKa\pjysâ D]IcW§Ä IpIn«n bn«pv. Ingt¡ Atd_ybnse P\§Ä saks]mt¯anb³ \mKcnIXbpambn _Ôs¸«ncp¶p. A¿mbncw hÀj§Ä¡p ap¼v ]Ýna Atd_ybn P\hmktI{µ§Ä DbÀ¶phcm³ XpS§n. sX¡p`mK¯pÅ sba³ {]tZi¯v aqhmbncw hÀj §Ä¡p ap¼v Hcp \mKcnIX hnImkw {]m]n¨p. ]S¡p]Snªm sd Atd_ybnse JpdbXv C¡me¯n\p ap¼pXs¶ Hcp kwkv Imc tI{µambn¯oÀ¶ncp¶p. saKm³ F¶ XeØm\t¯mSp IqSn sX¡p]Snªmsd Atd_ybn 4500 hÀj§Ä¡p ap¼v \ne\n¶ncp¶ Hcp cmPys¯¸än _m_ntemWnb³ inemtcJ Ifn ]dbp¶pv. ]t£, B \Kcw FhnsSbmbncp¶p F¶v Ct¸mÄ hyàaÃ. aW¡p¶pIÄ¡nSbn AXv aqSs¸«p InS ¡pIbmWv. Adnbs¸Sp¶ Ncn{XIme¯v Atd_y s]mXpsh \mep taJ eIfmbn Xncnªncp¶p. Z£nW Atd_y, a[y Atd_y, ]qÀÆ Atd_y, D¯c Atd_y F¶n§s\ Ahsb \ap¡v thÀXncn ¡mw. Cu Hmtcm taJebnepw cmPhwi§Ä DZn¡pIbpw AkvX an¡pIbpw sNbvXpsImncp¶p. Z£nW Atd_y: C¶s¯ ba³ dn¸»n¡pIfpw Ham\pw DÄs¸Sp¶ {]tZiamWv Z£nW Atd_y. AXn ]Snªmsd `mKw (Ct¸mgs¯ ba³) Atd_ybpsS Ncn{X¯nsâ FÃm¡m e¯pw ^ek¼pjvSamb {]tZiambncp¶p. AXn]pcmX\Ime ¯p Xs¶ PetkN\kuIcy§Ä ChnsS GÀs¸Sp¯s¸«p. AhnsS \nehnencp¶ \mKcnIXsb¸än a\knem¡p¶Xn\v 35
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
D]bpàamb [mcmfw enJnX§fpw ]pcmhkvXp¡fpw {]mNo\ KplIfn \n¶pw aäpw In«nbn«pv. {Ko¡v, emän³ XpS§nb bqtdm]y³ `mjIfnepw Ad_nIv UbeIvSpIfnepapÅ enJnX §fmWh. bqtdm]y³ cmPy§fpw, C³Uy, B{^n¡ XpS§nb {]tZi§fpambn B {]tZi¯n\p hym]mc_Ôapmbncp¶p F¶v Ah sXfnbn¨p. ambnÂ, km_m, I«m_m³, lZvcahvXv F¶n§s\ \mep cmPy§fpw Z£nW Atd_ybnepmbn cp¶p. Ipd\mhv (Quiranaw) Bbncp¶p ambnensâ XeØm\w. JnÀ`mjv abn³ F¶v Ct¸mÄ Adnbs¸Sp¶ ØeamWXv . bm¯n (Ct¸mÄ {_mIzn¸v) Bbncp¶p B cmPys¯ asämcp ]«Ww. Ct¸mgs¯ ba³ A¶v km_m F¶dnbs¸«ncp¶p. ss__nfn ti_mcmPyw F¶v CtX¸än ]dbp¶pv. AhnSp s¯ cmÚn bqZ·mcpsS cmPmhmb tkmfas\ (kpsseam³) sN¶p I IY ]gb\nba ss__nfn hnhcn¡p¶p. amcn _n AhÀ ]pcmX\Ime¯v Hcp AWsI«n, agshÅhpw hÀj Ime\ZoPehpw XSªp \ndp¯n Irjn¡p]tbmKn¨ncp¶p. B AWs¡«nsâ AhinjvS§Ä C¶pw ImWmw. cmPmhns\t¸m epw \nb{´n¨ncp¶Xv ‘ap¡mdn_v’ F¶dnbs¸«ncp¶ ]ptcm lnX {]amWnbmWv. Nne kab§fn Cu ]ptcmlnX·msc \nebv¡p \ndp¯m³ Nne cmPm¡·mÀ¡v Ignªncp¶p. _lm³ F¶v C¶dnbs¸Sp¶ Øe¯mbncp¶p I«m_m³ cmPyw. Xn· (Ct¸mgs¯ lPmÀ Ilvem³) Bbncp¶p I«m_msâ XeØm \ \Kcw. hym]mcambncp¶p ChnSp¯pImcpsS {][m\ hcpam\ amÀKw. Z£nW Atd_ybpsS Ing¡³ {]tZi§fnepÅ cmPy ambncp¶p ^ZvcahvXv. CuPn]vXpImÀ¡pw B{^n¡¡mÀ¡pw aXIÀ½§Ä¡mhiy amb Ip´ncn¡w h³tXmXn Z£nW Atd_y³ cmPy§Ä At§m«p Ibän Ab¨ncp¶p. alvdm, tZm^mÀ F¶o Øe§ fn Ah IrjnsN¿s¸«ncp¶p. C³Uybn \n¶pw Ingt¡ B{^n¡bn \n¶papÅ Dev]¶§Ä ChnsS sImph¶n«v hSt¡m«p Ibän Ab¨ncp¶p. kn.C. H¶mw iXI¯n ln¸m epkv F¶ IS¡mäv Ip]nSn¡s¸«p. B Imänsâ KXn¡\p 36
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
kcn¨v I¸epIÄ¡v Ffp¸¯n C³Uybnte¡p hcm\pw Xncn ¨v Atd_ybnte¡p t]mIm\pw Ignbpsa¶p Ip]nSn¨Xv A ¡mes¯ hym]mcw A`nhr²ns¸Sp¯p¶Xn\v hfsc klmb Icambn¯oÀ¶p. ]t£, tdmamkm{amPy¯nsâ `mKambncp¶ CuPn ]vXpw C´ybpw X½n t\cn«p hym]mcw Bcw`n¡phm\pw CSbm¡n. CXv Z£nW Atd_ysb Ipsdtbsd {]XnIqeambn _m[n¨p. tdmam¡mcpambn Nne bp²§fnepw C¡me¯v AhÀ GÀs¸tSnh¶p. D¯c B{^n¡bn \n¶pÅ B{IaW§ fpw BZyiXI§fn Z£nW Atd_ybv¡v t\cntSnh¶n«p v. kn.C. aq¶mw iXI¯n bmknÀ bplm\nw Z£nW Atd _ybn kpiàamb Hcp cmjv{Sw Øm]n¨p. ap¼pmbncp¶ sNdpInS cmPy§fpsS Øm\¯v Hcp km{amPyw \nehn h¶p. B \qämnsâ Ahkm\Ime¯pmb t]Àjy³ B{IaW amWv Cu km{amPys¯ XIÀ¯Xv. AtXmSpIqSn tI{µoIrX amb `cWw Z£nW Atd_ybn CÃmXmbn. tKm{X§fn ]eXpw kzmX{´yw t\Sn. C¯cw Hmtcm tKm{X¯n\pw {]tXy Iw ssZh§fpw tZhXIfpw Dmbncp¶p. CXn AaoÀ F¶ tKm{X¡mÀ þ kamhn (kzÀK\mY³) F¶ GIssZh¯n hn izkn¨ncp¶p. Cu tKm{X¯nsâ hnizmkt¯mSv apl½Zp \_n¡v Fs´¦nepw IS¸mSpmbncpt¶m F¶dnhnÃ. GXmv \memw iXIt¯mSp IqSn Ing¡³ tdmam km{amPy¯n \n¶v {InkvXy³ anjWdnamÀ Z£nW Atd_ybnse¯n. AhÀ ]e tKm{XhÀK¡mscbpw {InkvXpaX¯n tNÀ¯p. bqZ·mcpw Cu Ime¯v ChnsS aX{]NcWw \S¯nbncp¶p. Cu cp aXhn`m K§Ä X½nepÅ Bibkacw Ggmw \qämphsc Z£nW Atd_ybn \ne\n¶p. a[y Atd_ybpw D¯c Atd_ybpw: bYmÀ°¯n C¶ dnbs¸Sp¶ Ad_n kwkvImc¯nsâ DdhnSw a[y Atd_ybpw D¯c Atd_ybpamsW¶v ]dbmw. Ing¡v AÊndnbbpw ]Sn ªmdv CuPn]vXpambn Cu {]tZis¯ Ad_nIÄ hym]mc_ Ôw ]peÀ¯nt¸m¶p. hSt¡ slPmkn Xmakn¨ncp¶ XmapZv hÀK¡msc¸än AÊndnb³ tcJIfnepw Jpdm\nepw ]dbp¶p. 37
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
enlymss\äpIfmWv asämcp D¯c Atd_y³ tKm{Xw. sZZm³ tI{µam¡nbmWv AhÀ `cWw \S¯nbncp¶Xv. emJv, ssaUp hwi¡mÀ \memw iXI¯n D¯c Atd_ybpsS H«pan¡ `mK§fpw Iogvs¸Sp¯n. AhcpsS Hcp cmPmhv Atd_ybpsS apgph³ N{IhÀ¯nbmsW¶v \memw iXI¯n AhImi s¸«p. Ad_nIv `mjbpsS hnImk¯n\pw Cu cmPyw henb ]¦p hln¨n«pv. AcambnIv, kpdnbm\n F¶o `mjIfn \n¶v Ad_nIv kzmX{´yw t\SnbXpw C¡me¯msW¶v Ncn{XImc ·mÀ ]dbp¶p. at\mlcamb Atd_y³ Km\kmlnXyw C¡me ¯mWv cq]w sImXv. ]t£, kpiàamb t]Àjym km{amPy ¯nsâ B{IaW¯n\p ap¼n Cu cmPyw XIÀ¶qhoWp. t]À jybpw tdmapw X½n Gäpap«epIÄ Bcw`n¨XpsImv AhÀ¡v ]nSn¨S¡nb {]tZi§fn A[nImcw \ne\nÀ¯m³ IgnbmsX t]mbn. sNdnb sNdnb tKm{XcmPy§Ä B Øm\¯v DbÀ¶p h¶p. sa¡bn A©mw iXI¯n A[nImc¯n h¶ C_v³ Inem_v BWv AhnsS Ipssdjn tKm{X¯nsâ `cWw Øm]n ¨Xv. AhnsSbpmbncp¶ I A_mbv¡v IqSpX {]m[m\yw e`n¨p. hS¡pÅ bm{kn_pw (aZo\) sX¡pÅ tKm{X§fpw X ½n sa¡¡mÀ kÔnbpm¡n., Z£nW Atd_ybn \n¶pw sa¡, aZo\ hgn¡v hSt¡m«v ]t Dmbncp¶ hym]mcamÀKw C¡me¯v A`nhr²ns¸«p. AXpsImv at¡mdm_ (a¡)bpw aZo\bpw k¼Õar²§fmbn. a¡bnse ]pcmX\ tZhmeb ¯n hym]mcn kwL§fpw XoÀ°bm{X¡mcpw [mcmfambn hgn]mSpIÄ \ÂIn. B t£{X¯nsâ `cWw \S¯nbncp¶ IpssdjnIfpsS A`nhr²nbv¡pw AXp klmbn¨p. C¯cw Hcp kmlNcy¯nemWv Ggmw iXI¯n apl½Zp\_n P\n¡p ¶Xv.
38
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
2 Atd_ybnse arXaX§Ä CÉmwaX¯nsâ BhnÀ`mh¯n\p ap¼v _lpssZhhnizmkn Ifpw hn{Klmcm[\¡mcpamWv AhnsSbpmbncp¶sX¶p apÉow Ncn{XImc·mÀ km[mcW ]dbmdpv. Ahscms¡ hfsc {]mIrX·mcmbncp¶p F¶pw CÉmwaXamWv Ahsc ]cnjv¡mc¯nte¡v \bn¨sX¶pamWv AhImihmZw. CXv hfsc AXnitbmàn IeÀ¶ Hcp s]mXp{]kvXmh\tbm apl ½Zns\ DbÀ¯n¡mWn¡m\pÅ {iatam BWv. GIssZh hnizmkw apl½Znsâ kw`mh\sbm¶paÃ. Atd_ybn Xs¶ AaoÀ tKm{X¡mÀ Hcp ssZhta DÅq F¶p hnizkn¡pIbpw B GIssZhs¯ Bcm[n¡pIbpw sNbvXncp¶p. apl½Znsâ Ime¯n\v Bbncw hÀj§Ä¡p ap¼v bqZ·mÀ GIssZhhn izmkw AwKoIcn¨p Ignªncp¶p. Chtc¡msfms¡ apt¼, Hcp]t£, Ncn{X¯n BZyambn GIssZhhnizmkw {]Ncn ¸n¨Xv CuPn]vXnse ^dthm Bbncp¶ AJv\mt¯m¬ (_n.kn. C. 1367þ1350) BWv. blqZ·mÀ AhcpsS GIssZh¯ns\ ‘b tlmh’sb¶pw AJv\mt¯m¬ At±l¯nsâ GIssZhs¯ Bsäm¬ (Aton) F¶pw apl½Zv At±l¯nsâ GIssZhs¯ AÃmlp F¶pw hnfn¨p. ]t£, Cu ssZh§sfms¡ BZyIme ¯v CXc ssZh§tfmsSm¸w Bcm[n¡s¸«ncp¶h Xs¶bmWv. Bsäm¬ kqcytZh\pw btlmh Hcp BImitZhXbpambncp ¶Xpt]mse IpssdjnIÄ DĸsSbpÅ Nne Atd_y³ tKm{X§fpsS {][m\ ssZhambncp¶p AÃmlp. Cu ssZhs¯ GI\pw kÀÆià\pambn {]Jym]n¨XpsImv Atd_ybn \ne\n¶ncp¶ aäp ssZh§sfÃmw hnkvacn¡s¸«p t]mbn. 39
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
apl½Znt\bpw At±l¯nsâ ssZhamb AÃmlphnt\bpw a\Ênem¡p¶Xn\v Ggmw iXI¯n\p ap¼v AhnsSbpmbncp ¶ aX§tfbpw ssZh§tfbpw ]än Adnªncnt¡Xv Bh iyamWv. P·\mSmb ]mekvXo\n \n¶p ]pd´Ås¸« bqZ·mÀ B dmw iXI¯n Atd_ybpsS ]e `mK§fnepw h¶p Xmak apd¸n¨ncp¶p. Ad_n tKm{X§fpsSbnSbn aX{]NcWw \S ¯pIbpw BfpIsf aX¯n tNÀ¡pIbpw sN¿m³ AhÀ aSn¨n cp¶nÃ. {InkvXpaXhpw Atd_ybn [mcmfw {]Ncn¡s¸«n cp¶p. Ing¡³ tdmamkm{amPy¯nse N{IhÀ¯namcpsS ]cnem f\bn hfÀ¶ {InkvXpaXw AXn\Is¯ hyXykvX Nn´mK Xn¡mÀs¡Xncmbn \S]SnsbSp¯p. tdmamkm{amPyw AwKoIm cw \ÂInb HutZymKnI {InkvXpaX¯nse Bib§fpambn s]mcp¯s¸Sm³ Ignbm¯ {InkvXy³ {Kq¸pIÄ km{amPy¯n\p ]pd¯pÅ Atd_ybnepw _m_ntemWnepw aäpw h¶p ]mÀ¯n cp¶p. AhcpsSsbms¡ {]tXyI Nn´mKXnIÄ¡\pkrXambn cq]wsImncp¶ s\kvtXmdnb³ aXw, am\nt¡baXw, bmt¡m _mbk`, IÂZmb kpdnbm\nk` XpS§nbh AhnsS sNdnb sNdnb {Kq¸pIfmbn \ne\n¡pIbpw aX{]NcWw \S¯pI bpw sNbvXph¶p. ChtbmsSms¡ H¸w {]mNo\ Atd_y³ aX k¦ev]§fpw t£{X§fpw \ne\n¶ncp¶p. P\§fn _lp`qcn]£hpw B {]mNo\ hnizmk§fmWv ]peÀ¯nt¸m ¶Xv. Fs´ms¡bmbncp¶p AhcpsS aXk¦Â]§Ä? GsXm s¡ tZhotZh·msc AhÀ ]qPn¨ncp¶p? CsXms¡ Adnbp¶ Xn\p thn Cu \qämn hfsctbsd At\zjW§Ä \S¶n «pv. Jpdm³, lZokpIÄ XpS§nbhbn \n¶p In«p¶ sNdnb sXfnhpIÄ am{XaÃ, AhÀ ]cntim[\mhnt[bam¡nbXv. Ad _nIv \mtSmSn¸m«pIÄ DĸsSbpÅ kmlnXyIrXnIÄ hmbn ¨p t\m¡pI, DÂJ\\ KthjW§Ä \S¯n hn{Kl§fpw aäpw Ip]nSn¡pI, ]pcmX\ t£{X§fnepw aäpapÅ inemen JnX§Ä ]cntim[n¡pI F¶n§s\ ]e hgnIfneqsS AhÀ {iaw XpSÀ¶p. AXnsâ ^eambn Atd_ybnepmbncp¶ \nc 40
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
h[n ssZh§tf¸änbpÅ hnhc§Ä ]pd¯ph¶n«pv. Ahsb ¸änbpÅ hnhc§ÄNpcp¡n Xmsg sImSp¡mw: AÂa\m¯v: acW¯nsâbpw hn[nbpsSbpw tZhXsb¶ \nebn Atd_ybnse§pw Xs¶ Bcm[n¡s¸«ncp¶ Hcp tZhXbmWnXv. a¡bn \n¶pw aZo\bnte¡pÅ hgnbn IpZm bnZv F¶ Øe¯pmbncp¶ Hcp Idp¯ IÃpw AXnt\mS\p _Ôn¨pÅ t£{Xhpambncp¶p AÂa\m¯v Bcm[\bpsS {][m\ tI{µw. Ahvkv, lkvdPv, XpS§nb tKm{XhÀK§Ä AÂa\m¯ns\ AhcpsS {][m\ tZhXbmbn IcpXnh¶p. A em¯v, AÂDÊ F¶o tZhXItfmsSm¸w a¡bnepw AÂa\m ¯nsâ hn{Klw {]XnjvTn¨ncp¶p. Cu aq¶p tZhXIfpw AÅm bpsS s]¬a¡fmsW¶mWv _lpssZhmcm[\¡mÀ IcpXnbn cp¶Xv. Cu hnizmks¯ Jpdm\n apl½Zv hnaÀin¡p¶pv. AÂDÊm tZhnbpsS cp a¡fmWv AÂa\m¯pw AÂem¯pw F¶v A`n{]mbs¸Sp¶hcpw Dv. \_m¯nb³ enJnX§fnepw Cu tZhXsb¸än d^d³kpv. lÖv XoÀ°m\St¯mS\p_ Ôn¨v \S¯s¸Sp¶ ‘Clvdmw’ F¶ aXNS§nsâ kab¯v XoÀ°mSIÀ AhcpsS apSnapdn¨v Cu hn{Kl¯n\v AÀ¸n¡pam bncp¶p. apl½Zv \_n a¡m\Kcw B{Ian¨p IogS¡nbXn\p tijw At±l¯nsâ ]S¯eh³amcn Hcmfmb A_pkq^n bm³ IZnbmZnse AÂa\m¯v t£{Xw sImÅbSn¡pIbpw hn{Klw XIÀ¯p IfbpIbpw sNbvXp. AÂa\m¯ns\ Bcm [n¡p¶Xv \nba hncp²hpam¡s¸«p. AÂDÊ: iànbptSbpw A[nImc¯ntâbpw Cu tZhX {]`mX\£{Xw Xs¶bmWv. a¡bn \n¶pw Xbn^nte¡pÅ hgnbnembncp¶p AÂDÊbpsS t£{Xw ØnXnsNbvXncp¶Xv. \mJve F¶ ^ek¼pjvSamb Hcp Xmgvhcbnembncp¶p AXn sâ Øm\w. ChnsSbpmbncp¶ aq¶p kaqdmac§fnemWv tZhn BZyw {]Xy£s¸«sX¶mbncp¶p sFXnlyw. AXn\p kao]¯pÅ Kplbnse ]oT¯nemWv _enIÀ½§Ä \S¯n bncp¶Xv. s_Zqbn³ tKm{X§fn ]eXpw DÊsb Bcm[n¨n cp¶p. Ipssdjn, Jpkm (Khuzaa), L³av (Ghanm), In\m\ 41
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
(Kinana), _en (bali), XIn^v (Thakif) F¶o tKm{X§Ä Cu tZhXsb bp²tZhXsb¶ \nebn ]qPn¨p. ]e Øe¯pw DÊtbmsSm¸w AÂem¯pw AÂa\m¯pw {]XnjvTn¡s¸«n cp¶p. Cdm¡nepw DÊm]qP {]Ncn¨ncp¶p. emJvssaUv cmPm hmb \qam³ Hcp XÀ¡w XoÀ¡m³ AÂDÊbpsS klmbw tXSnbXn\p sXfnhpIfpv . C³Uybnse ImfnbpsS ]e kz`mh§fpw Cu tZhok¦ev]¯n ImWmw. ap³[oÀ \mema³ cmPmhv Hchkc¯n 400 a\pjysc Cu tZhn¡v _en \ÂIn. kzÀKcmÚn F¶pw AÂDÊ hnfn¡s¸«ncp¶p. ko\mbv B{iaw B{Ian¨hÀ bphmhmb XntbmUptemkns\ Cu tZhn ¡p _en \ÂIm³ {ian¨p. Nne Øe§fn _m_ntemWnse CkvXmÀ tZhnbpambpw DÊ Bcm[\ _Ôs¸«ncp¶phs{X. NneÀ tI¡pIÄ Dm¡n Cu tZhn¡v kaÀ¸n¨p. a¡ ]nSn¨S ¡nbXn\ptijw \mJvebnse DÊm t£{Xw XIÀ¡m³ apl ½Zv JmenZns\ Ab¨p. AbmÄ t£{Xw sImÅbSn¡pIbpw sI«nSw CSn¨p \nc¯pIbpw hn{Klw ASn¨ps]m«n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. DÊbpsS ktlmZc³ AÊokv tZh\msW¶mWv hnizm kw. ]n¡me¯v B t]cv AÅmbpsS Hcp ]cymbambn¯oÀ ¶p. AÂþem¯v: Ad_nIfpsS ]pcmX\ tZho k¦ev]§fn H¶mbncp¶p AÂem¯v. A CemlXv F¶ ]Zw tem]n¨mWv Cu t]cpmbsX¶v NneÀ ]dbp¶p. lhmjn³, C_v³ \njmw XpS§nbhbmbncp¶p tKm{X§fpsS {][m\ Bcm[\maqÀ¯n IÄ. Xmbv^n\Sp¯pÅ ‘hÖ’ F¶ Øe¯mbncp¶p Cu tZhnbpsS {][m\ t£{Xw. sIm¯p]WnItfmSpIqSnb Hcp shÅ¡Ãmbncp¶p {][m\ {]XnjvT. a¡ ]nSn¨S¡nbXn\p tijamWv apÉow ssk\yw Cu t£{X¯n\p t\sc XncnªXv. Ct¸mgpw B t£{X¯nsâ AhinjvS§Ä ImWmw. tcmKw hcpt¼mÄ ]ecpw Ct¸mgpw clkyambn AÂþem¯n\v ]qPIÄ AÀ¸n¡mdps{X. lp_vÂ: a¡bn I A_bn³ {]XnjvTn¡s¸«ncp¶ hn{Kl §fn {][m\Øm\w lp_ven\mbncp¶p. saks]mt¯anb 42
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
bn \n¶pw sImph¶XmWnXv. Jpsska Fs¶mcmfmWv Cu hn{Kls¯ AhnsS Øm]n¨Xv F¶mWv sFXnlyw. lp _v hn{Kl¯nsâ ssIbv Hcn¡Â HSnªpt]mbn. Ipssdjn IÄ At¸mÄ kzÀWwsImv ssIbv ]WnXpsh¨p. a¡m\Kcw apl½Zv ]nSn¨S¡nb ZnhkwXs¶ Cu hn{Klhpw XIÀ¯p Ifªp.
aäp ssZh§Ä kqcy³, N{µ³, \£{X§Ä F¶nhsb tZhXIfmbn k¦ev]n¨v Bcm[n¡p¶ ]Xnhv Atd_ybnse§pw {]Nmc¯nencp¶p. lps¤ F¶ Øe¯v [mXv _Zm³ (Dhat Badan) F¶ t]cnem Wv kqcys\ Bcm[n¨ncp¶Xv. cmbnc¯ªqdp hÀj§Ä¡p ap¼v Øm]nXamb lps¤ t£{Xw ]pcmX\ Atd_y³ inev]I ebpsSbpw hmkvXphnZybptSbpw al¯mb amXrIbmbncp¶p. CXpw CÉmwaX¯nsâ hnPbt¯msS CSn¨p \nc¯s¸SpIbm WpmbXv. _n.kn.C. \memw iXI¯n lpsdbp[mbn \nÀ ½n¡s¸« N{µssZhamb knsâ t£{Xhpw CXpt]mseXs¶ apÉo§Ä \in¸n¨p IfbpIbmbncp¶p. C§s\ ]e ssZh§sf Bcm[n¨psImncp¶hcmWv Ad _nIÄ. Cu ssZh§tf¡mÄ iànbpÅ Hcp ssZhambn, AÃm lphnt\¸änbpÅ k¦ev]w cmbnc¯ªqdp hÀjw ap¼p apX AhnsS \ne\n¶ncp¶p. sblqZ·mcpsS btlmhsbt¸m se Hcp BImitZhXbmbncp¶p AÃmlpsh¶pw NneÀ¡v A`n {]mbapv. B tZhXsb Hcp kÀÆià\mb ssZham¡n hfÀ ¯pIbmWv apl½Zv sNbvXXv. AXn\pthn aäp ssZh k¦Â] §tfbpw AhbpsS t£{X§tfbpw At±lw XIÀ¯p.
43
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
3 apl½Zv \_n a¡bnse Ipssdjn tKm{X¯nemWv kn.C. 571 G{]n 20þ\v apl½Zv P\n¨sX¶p IcpXs¸Sp¶p. Nne Ncn{XImc·mÀ Cu kw`hw \S¶Xv Hcp hÀjw ap¼msW¶v ]dbp¶pv. amXmhmb Ban\ apl½Zns\ KÀ`w [cn¨v A[nIw Ignbp¶Xn\p ap¼v ]nXmhv A_vZpÅm I¨hS¯n\pthn kndnbbnte¡p t]mbn. hgn¡psh¨v tcmK_m[nX\mbn At±lw acn¨p. apl½Zn\v Bdp hbÊpÅt¸mÄ A½bpw A´cn¨p. ]n¶oSv ]nXmal\mb A _vZp ap¯en_nsâ in£W¯n _me³ hfÀ¶p. Ipssdjn ¯ehsâ ]u{X\pw kpµc\pw anSp¡\pamb apl½Zns\ BfpI sfÃmw CjvSs¸«ncp¶p. a¡bnse I A_mbv¡p kao]w A _vZp ap¯en_n\v Ccn¡m³ Hcp hncn¸v C«psImSp¡p¶Xp ]Xnhmbncp¶p. _me\mb apl½Zv ap¯Ñt\msSm¸w AhnsS t]mbncn¡pw. ]t£, CXv A[nI\mÄ XpSÀ¶nÃ. apl½Zn\v F«p hbÊpÅt¸mÄ ap¯Ñ\pw acWaSªp. ]n¶oSv ]nXrk tlmZc\mb A_pXmen_nsâ kwc£W¯nembn _me³. I¨hS¡mc\mb A_pXmen_n\v Iptd H«I§fpw BSpIfpw Dmbncp¶p. km[mcW Ad_n _me·msct¸mse Ahsb t\m¡p¶ NpaXe apl½Zn h¶p tNÀ¶p. acp¸¨IÄ tXmdpw B arK§fpambn k©cn¡pI apl½Zn\v IuXpIIcambncp¶p. Atd_y³ {KmaoWPohnXhpambn ASp¯nS]gIm³ CXv At± l¯n\v Ahkcw \ÂIn. Cu _meyIme PohnXs¯ A\pkva cn¸n¡p¶ Hcp kw`hw ]n¡me¯pmbn. apl½Zpw A\pbm bnIfpw IqSn Hcp ae{]tZi¯pIqSn bm{X sN¿pt¼mÄ, A\pbm bnIÄ Nne Im«psNSnIfpsS ImbvIÄ ]dn¨p Xn¶p. At¸mÄ 44
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
apl½Zv AhtcmSp]tZin¨p, B ImbvIfn \Ãt]mse Idp¯ ]g¯n\mWv icn¡v cpNnbpÅsX¶v. Im«psNSnItf¸än C{Xbpw Adnhv At±l¯n\p In«nbXv H«I§fpw BSpIfpambn \S¶ Ime¯msW¶pÅXv hyàamWv. ]n¶oSv ]nXrktlmZc\mb A_qXmen_v I¨hS¯n\pthn kndnbbnte¡p t]mb Ah kc¯nepw apl½Zv At±ls¯ A\pKan¨ncp¶p. H«I¸pd¯v I¨hS¨c¡pIfpw Ibän acp¸¨Ifn \n¶v acp¸¨Ifnte¡pw Ahkm\w Bbnc¡W¡n\p ssaepIÄ A¸pd¯pÅ kndnbbn te¡papÅ Cu bm{X apl½Znsâ hnÚm\¯nsâ taJe hÀ ²n¸n¨p, ]IepIfpw cm{XnIfpw \op\n¡p¶ Cu bm{XI fn tKm{XhÀK IYIfpw sFXnly§fpw ]mc¼cy§fpsams¡ ]dbpI km[mcWbmWv. {]mbambhcn \n¶v AhsbÃmw tIÄ¡m³ B _me\v In«nb Ahkcambncp¶p AXv. D¯c Atd_y, Cdm¡v, kndnb XpS§nb Øe§fn {InkvXpaXhpw bqZaXhpw kcXpjv{SaXhpw {]Nmc¯nencp¶p. B aX§tf ¸änbpw AhcpsS hnizmk{]amW§tf¸änbpw a\Ênem¡m\pw CsXmcp Ahkcambncp¶p. ]t£, B aX§fpsS XmXznIhi tam aX{KÙ§tfm ]Tn¡phm³ apl½Zn\v kabtam kuIcy tam Dmbncp¶nÃ. km[mcW P\§fpsSbnSbn B aX§Ä F§s\bmWv cq]s¸«ncp¶sX¶v At±l¯n\p ImWm³ Ign ªp. ]n¡me¯p JpÀB\n D²cn¡p¶ bqZss{IkvXh IYIÄ Cu km[mcW¡mcn \n¶p In«nbXmsW¶p IcpXm³ \ymbapv. ImcWw, ss__nfn ]dbp¶ coXnbneà B IYIÄ JpÀB\nepÅXv. t\sc adn¨v, km[mcW P\§fpsS bnSbn {]Nmc¯nencp¶Xpw As¸m{In^m {KÙ§fn hnhcn ¡p¶ Xc¯nepÅXpamWv Ah. A_qXmen_nsâ I¨hSkwLt¯msSm¸w apl½Zv F{X {]mhiyw bm{X sNbvXn«ps¶pÅXn\v tcJIsfm¶panÃ. G Xmbmepw ]eh«w C§s\ bm{X sNbvXn«pmhWw. A§ s\ I¨hS¯n kaÀ°\mb apl½Zns\, a¡bnse [\mVy bmb JZoP AhcpsS amt\Pcmbn \nban¨p. JZoPbpsS I¨ hSkwL§fpsS amt\Pcmbpw Atd_ybn ]e Øe§fnepw 45
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
At±lw k©cn¨ncp¶p. C§s\bncn¡p¶ Ime¯mWv JZoP, apl½Zn A\pcàbmIp¶Xv. 40 hbÊpÅ B hn[hbpw 25 Imc\mb apl½Zpw X½n A[nIw XmaknbmsX hnhmlnX cmbn. Cu Zm¼Xyw At±l¯n\v [mcmfw hn{ia kabhpw km¼¯nI kuIcy§fpw \ÂIn. bm{Xbv¡nSbnepw aäpw I Xpw tI«Xpamb hnhc§Ä ]pXnb coXnbn Nn´n¡p¶Xn\v apl½Zns\ t{]cn¸n¨ncp¶ncn¡mw. a¡bv¡ p sXm«S¯pÅ lndm Kplbn t]mbn [ym\\naá\mbncn¡pI At±l¯nsâ ]Xnhmbncp¶p. A§s\bncn¡p¶ Hcp Znhkw Pn{_o F¶ ae¡v apl½Znsâ ap¼n {]Xy£s¸«v ‘hmbn¡pI’ F¶p ]d ªp F¶pw ‘F\n¡v hmb\ AdnbnÃ’ F¶v At±lw adp]Sn ]dsª¶pw F¦nepw ae¡v JpÀBsâ Hcp `mKw HmXns¡mSp ¯p F¶pw apÉow ]pcmWamb klolp _pJmcnbn ]d bp¶p. At±lw AhnsS\n¶pw ho«n Xncns¨¯n hnhcw `mcy tbmSp ]dªp. AhÀ cmfpw IqSn JZoPbpsS ]nXrhy]p{X\pw {Inkv X ym\nbpamb hÀ¡¯nsâ ASp¡Â sN¶v hnhcw ]dªp. CXv ssZhnI ktµiamsW¶v hÀ¡¯v AhtcmSp ]dªp. Xp SÀ¶v CXpt]mepÅ ]e ktµi§fpw ssZh¯n \n¶v apl½Zn\p In«nbs{X. At±lw Hcp ]pXnb aXw {]kwKn ¡m³ XpS§n. kz]Xv\n JZoP, ]nXrhy\mb A_pXmen_nsâ ]p{X\pw F«p hbÊpImc\pamb Aen, JZoPbpsS ASnabmb sskZv_v\p lmcokv, A_qs_¡À F¶n§s\ \mep t]cmWv BZyw apl½Zns\ \_nbmbn AwKoIcn¨Xv. Häbvs¡mäbv¡pw clkyambpw apl½Zv aX{]NmcWw aq¶p hÀjw XpSÀ¶p. AXpIgnªv ]ckyamb aX{]NcWw Bcw`n ¨p. AÃmlp Fs¶mcp ssZhw am{XtabpÅq F¶pw apl½Zv B ssZh¯nsâ ZqX\msW¶pw hn{Klmcm[\ Ahkm\n¸n¡ Wsa¶pw At±lw {]kwKn¨p. I A_bnse t£{X¯nepÅ hn{Kl§fpsSbSp¯v hym]mcnIfpw XoÀ°bm{X¡mcpw \ Ip¶ hgn]mSpIÄsImv k¼¶cmb t£{X`mchmlnIÄ kzm `mhnIambpw apl½Zns\ FXnÀ¯p. t£{X¯nsâ DSaØcmb IpssdjnIfpsS IpSpw_¡mc\mbXpsImpw k¼¶bmb JZo 46
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
PbpsS `À¯mhmbXpsImpw AhÀ BZyw £an¨p. ]t£, JZoPbptSbpw ]nXrhy³ A_pXmen_ntâbpw acWt¯msS i{Xp¡Ä¡v iàn hÀ²n¨p. AhcpsS FXnÀ¸pIÄsImv s]mdpXnap«nbt¸mÄ ASp¯pÅ Xmbn^v F¶ Øe¯pt]mbn aX{]Ncw \S¯m\mbn At±l¯nsâ {iaw. AhnSp¯pImÀ apl½Zns\ IsÃdnªv HmSn¨p. a¡¯pw At±l¯n\p ]nSn¨p \n¡m³ IgnªnÃ. ap¼pXs¶ bkvcn_v (saZo\)Imcmb Nnecpambn kJyw sN¿m\pw Ahsc Xsâ {]hmNIXzw AwKo Icn¸n¡phm\pw apl½Zn\p km[n¨ncp¶p. AXpsImv a¡ PohnXw ZpÊlamb kmlNcy¯n kn.C. 622þ apl½Zpw A\pbmbnIfpwIqSn a¡bn \n¶p aZo\bnte¡v ]emb\w sNbvXp. apl½Zn\v At¸mÄ GXmv A³]¯naq¶p hbÊm bncp¶p. Cu HmSnt¸m¡mWv CÉmwaX¯nsâ ASn¯d Dd¸n¨ kw`hw. AXp sImv B Znhkw apX Bcw`n¡p¶ Hcp A _vZw (lnPd) ]n¡me¯p XpS§n. aZo\bnse¯nb apl½Zpw A\pbmbnIfpambn AhnS¯p ImÀ kJy¯n GÀs¸«p. apl½Zns\ AhÀ B \Kccmjv{S ¯nsâ A[n]\m¡n. a¡m \nhmknIÄ¡v CXv kln¨nÃ. aZo \¯v At±l¯nsâ iàn hÀ²n¨phcp¶Xn Akqbbpm bncp¶ bqZ¡¨hS¡mÀ a¡m¡msc ]dªv Cf¡pIbpw sN bvXp. AXnsâ ^eambn IpssdjnIÄ aZo\s¡Xncmbn bp² ¯n\p ]pds¸SpIbpw sNbvXp. hnhcadnª \_nbpw A\pbm bnIfpw ap¶qdn Nnezm\w BfpIÄ DÄs¸Sp¶ Hcp sNdnb ssk\ys¯ kwLSn¸n¨psImv Ahsc FXnÀ¡m³ ]pds¸«p. _ZÀ F¶ Øe¯psh¨v cp ssk\y§fpw Gäpap«n. AwK kwJy Ipdhmbncps¶¦nepw apl½Znsâ ssk\yamWv hnP bn¨Xv . CÉmw aXNcn{X¯nse {][m\s¸« kw`hamWnXv. IpssdjnIfpsS {]Xm]w XIcm³ CXp ImcWam¡n. F¦nepw ]ntäs¡mÃw IqSpX k¶ml§tfmsS AhÀ hopw bp² ¯n\p h¶p. DlpZvaebpsS Xmgvhmc¯n sh¨p \S¶ bp² ¯n CcpIq«À¡pw h¼n¨ \jvSapmbn. CtXmsS aZo\ B{Ian¨p IogS¡msa¶ hymtamlw IpssdjnIÄ¡v CÃmXmbn. 47
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
ASp¯pÅ Nne tIm«IÄ B{Ian¨v sImÅbSn¡m\pw Bfp Isf XShpImcmbn ]nSn¡m\pw apl½Zpw A\pbmbnIfpw X¿m dmbn. C§s\ e`n¡p¶ sImÅapXen A©nsem¶v AÃmlp hn\pw {]hmNI\pambn \o¡nshbv¡pIbpw _m¡n ]Sbmfn IÄ¡v hoXn¨psImSp¡pIbpambncp¶p ]Xnhv. A§s\ sImÅ bpw B{IaW§fpwsImv kao]{]tZi§fn apl½Zv B[n ]Xyw t\Sn. aZo\bn Øm]nXamb CÉmanIcmjv{Sw s]s«¶v iàn {]m]n¨p. bp²¯n\p t]mbm In«mhp¶ km¼¯nI em`w ]etcbpw BIÀjn¨p. AYhm acn¡pIbmsW¦n kzÀ K¯n In«mhp¶ kpJkuIcy§tf¸än apl½Zv hniZambn ¯s¶ ]dªv Ahsc {]tem`n¸n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. A\pbmbn IfpsS CSbn aX {`m´v hfÀ¯phm³ At±l¯n\p km[n¨p. C¯cw Hcp A´co£¯n Npäp]mSpapÅ {]tZi§fn A[nImcw Øm]n¡phm³ Ignª apl½Zv ]n¶oSv h¼n¨ ssk \yt¯mSpIqSn a¡bnte¡v amÀ¨p sNbvXp. henb càs¨mcn¨n sem¶pw IqSmsXXs¶ a¡ IogS§n. XpSÀ¶v kao]¯pÅ i{Xp¡fpsS tKm{X§sfbpw apÉow ssk\yw ]cmPbs¸Sp¯n. I A_mbnepw aäp t£{X§fnepapmbncp¶ hn{Kl§Ä XIÀ¯p. _lpssZhmcm[IcpsS kz¯p¡Ä sImÅbSn¨p. C§ns\ ]Ýna Atd_ybn Hcp kpiàamb apÉow cmPyw hfÀ¶p hcp¶XpIt¸mÄ kndnb³ cmPmhv bp²¯ns\mcp §n. apl½Zpw ]Ssbmcp¡w sNbvXp. X_p¡v F¶ Øewh sc apÉow ssk\yw \o§n. AhnsS sh¨v kÔn sNbvXv kndn b³ cmPmhv ]n³hm§n. CtXmSpIqSn Atd_y apgph³ Xs¶ apl½Znsâ \nb{´W¯n h¶p. hnPb{ioemfnX\mb apl½Zv ]ntä hÀjw h¼n¨ k¶ml §tfmsS lÖv XoÀ°mS\w \S¯n. AXpIgnªv aZo\bn Xncns¨¯nb apl½Zn\v A[nIw XmaknbmsX Pzcw _m[n¨p. kn.C. 632 Pq¬ F«n\v Adp]¯naq¶mas¯ hbÊn At±lw A´cn¡pIbpw sNbvXp. apl½Zns\ XpSÀ¶v At±l¯nsâ `mcy AbnimbpsS ]nXmhv A_qs_¡À CÉmanI cmjv{S¯nsâ A[n]\mbn. 48
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
aX Imcy§fnepw cmPyImcy§fnepw apl½Zns\t¸mse At± lhpw t\XrXzw hln¨p. Cu aXcmjv{S¯nsâ Xeh³ Jen^m F¶mWv Adnbs¸«ncp¶Xv. C§s\ H¶mas¯ Jeo^bmb A_ps_¡À Atd_ybn tijn¨ _lpssZhhnizmknIsf apgph³ ]cmPbs¸Sp¯n. `bwsImv ]ecpw CÉmwaXw AwKo Icn¨p. Cu hnPb§sf XpSÀ¶v ]mekvXo³, kndnb, Cdm¡v XpS§nb {]tZi§fnte¡v apÉow ssk\yw \o§n. tdmamkm{am Pyhpw t]Àjy³ km{amPyhpw bp²w sImv XfÀ¶p Ignªn cp¶ kabambncp¶p CXv. a[y]uckvXytZi¯v apÉow iàn¡v thcp ]nSn¡m³ Cu kmlNcyw klmbn¨p. cchÀj¯n\p tijw At±lw A´cn¡pt¼mtg¡pw km{amPy¯n\v ASn¯ dbnSm³ A_qs_¡dn\p Ignªncp¶p. ]n³Kmanbmbn Dadns\ \ma\nÀt±iw sNbvXn«mWv At±lw A´cn¨Xv. apl½Zn\ptijw A_qs_¡sd Jeo^bm¡nbXn apl ½Znsâ ]p{Xn ^m¯nabpsS `À¯mhmb Aen¡pw aäp IpSpw _mwK§Ä¡pw {]Xntj[apmbncp¶p. A_qs_¡dpsS Ime ¯pw XpSÀ¶p Jen^bmb Dadnsâ `cWIme¯pw A[nImcw ]nSns¨Sp¡phm³ AhÀ {iaw \S¯nbncp¶p. F¦nepw ]pXnb cmPy§Ä IogS¡n km{amPy¯n\v hnkvXrXn Iq«p¶Xn\pÅ {ia¯nteÀs¸«ncp¶ ssk\y§sf kzm[o\n¡m³ AhÀ¡p IgnªnÃ. ]t£, ]¯mas¯ hÀj¯n \akvImcthfbn HcmÄ Jeo^sb Ip¯n apdnthev]n¨p. cmw Jeo^ DaÀ A §s\bmWv acWaSªXv. A[nImc¯n\pthnbpÅ XÀ¡ §Ä iànbmbn \S¶psh¦nepw Dkvam³ aq¶mas¯ Jeo^ Bbn. ]{´p hÀjw Ct±lw `cWw \S¯n. CÉman\pthn ]pXnb Øe§Ä sh«n¸nSn¡p¶Xn Dkvam\pw ]pdInembn cp¶nÃ. kn.C. 65þ At±lw sImÃs¸«p. \_nbpsS ]nXrk tlmZc]p{X\mWv XpSÀ¶v Jeo^bmbXv. At±lhpw sImà s¸«p. ]n¶oSnt§m«pÅ CÉmansâ Ncn{Xw sh«n¸nSp¯¯n tâbpw A[nImc aÕc§fptSXpamWv.
Hcp am\knItcmKn apl½Zn\v {]hmNI]Zhn e`n¡p¶Xv \mev]Xmas¯ hbÊn 49
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
emWv. H«It\m«¡mc\pw hym]mcnbpsams¡bmbncp¶ apl½Zv s]s«¶v {]hmNI\mbn amdpIbmWv sNbvXsX¶mWv apÉo§Ä ]dbp¶Xv. AXv lndm Kplbn sh¨pmb Hcp ZÀi\whgn bmsW¶pÅXv {]kn²amWv. Cu ZÀi\¯nsâ IY \_nbpsS `mcybmb Bbni C§s\ hnhcn¡p¶p: “Xncpta\n¡p ssZhnIktµi§fpsS Bcw`w \à kz]v\§ fmbncp¶p. Xncpta\n ImWp¶ FÃm kz]v\§fpw {]`mX¯n se {]Imiwt]mse icn¡v kv^pSambn ]peÀ¶psImncp¶p. ]n¶oSv Xncpta\n¡v GIm´hmkw {]nbwIcambnt¯m¶n. lndm KplbnemWv Xncpta\n GIm´hmkw A\pjvTn¨ncp¶Xv. Iptd \mtf¡pÅ Blmc]ZmÀ°§fpw sImv Xncpta\n Kpl bnte¡p t]mIpw. F¶n«v Iptd cm{Xn Bcm[\bnembvs¡mv AhnsS Ign¨pIq«pw. ]n¶oSv kz]Xv\n JZoP: (d) bpsS ASp¡ te¡v Xncn¨phcpw. KplbnÂsh¨v Xncpta\n¡p kXyw (ssZhnI ktµiw) h¶pIn«pwhtc¡pw Cu \ne XpSÀ¶pt]m¶p.” XpSÀ¶v ‘ssZhnIktµiw’ e`n¨sX§s\bmsW¶pw AhÀ hnhcn¡p¶p: “ae¡v Xncpta\nbpsS ap¼n {]Xy£s¸«p F¶n«p Xncpta\ntbmSv ‘hmbn¡pI’ F¶p ]dªp. ‘F\n¡v hmbn¡m\dnhnÃ’ F¶p Xncpta\n adp]Sn \ÂIn. Xncpta\n Acpfp¶p. “At¶cw ae¡p Fs¶¸nSn¨p iàntbmsS BtÇ jn¨p. F\n¡p hfsc hnjaw tXm¶n. A\´cw ae¡p Fs¶ hn«p. F¶n«p ‘hmbn¡pI’ F¶p ae¡p hopw ]dªp. F\n¡p ‘hmb\’ Adnhnsöp hopw Rm³ adp]Sn \ÂIn. At¸mÄ hopw ae¡v Fs¶ ]nSn¨p hfsc iàntbmsS BtÇjn¨p. F\n¡p hfsc hnjaw tXm¶n. ]n¶oSv ae¡v Fs¶ hn«p. F \n¡p hmb\ Adnhnsöp ]nt¶bpw Rm³ ]dªp. F¶n«v aq¶mas¯ {]mhiyw ae¡v Fs¶ ]nSn¨v iàntbmsS BtÇ jn¨p. F¶n«v Fs¶ hn«p. A\´cw “krjvSnIÀ¯mhmb \nsâ c£nXmhnsâ \ma¯n hmbn¡pI. cà]nÞ¯n \n¶mWv a\pjys\ Ah³ krjvSn¨ncn¡p¶Xv. hmbn¡pI. \nsâ c£n Xmhv AXypZmc\s{X.”1 C§s\ JpÀB³ Pn_vcnÂhgn AhXcn¸n¡m³ AÃmlp {iaw XpS§nsb¦nepw apl½Zn\v AXv a\ÊnembnÃt{X ! XpSÀ 50
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
¶pÅ cwK§Ä Bbni Xs¶ hnhcn¡p¶p: “A§s\ ]nSbv¡p¶ lrZbhpambn kzIpSpw_¯nte¡v Xncpta\n aS§n. ‘F\n¡p ]pX¨p XcnI’, ‘F\n¡p ]pX¨p X cnI’ F¶p ]dªpsImv Xncpta\n JZoPbpsS ASp¡Â Ibdns¨¶p. DSs\ Xncpta\n¡v AhÄ ]pX¸n«p aqSns¡mSp¯p. Iptd¡gnªv `bmi¦IÄ \o§nbt¸mÄ \S¶ kw`h§sfÃmw JZoP _ohnsb Xncpta\n sXcys¸Sp¯n. A¡q«¯n Xncp ta\n DWÀ¯n: “Fsâ Poh¶p hà B]¯pw kw`hn¡ptam F¶p Rm³ `bs¸«pt]mbn.” At¸mÄ Xncpta\nsb (kam[m \n¸n¨psImv) JZoP (d) ]dªp: “CÃ, AÃmlphmsW, AÃm lp Hcn¡epw A§sb A]am\n¡pIbnÃ! A§p¶p icn¡p IpSpw__Ôw ]peÀ¯p¶; ]cm{ibsc c£n¡m\pÅ `mcw GsäSp¡p¶p; AKXnIÄ¡p thn kzbw A²zm\n¨v klmbw t\Sns¡mSp¡p¶p; AXnYnIsf k¡cn¡p¶p. kXyamÀK ¯n B]¯pIÄ kln¡phm³ A§p¶p apt¼m«p hcp¶p.” ]n¶oSv Xncpta\ntbbpwsImv JZoP (d) Xsâ ]nXrhy]p{X³ hd¡¯nsâ ASp¡Â sN¶p. hd¡¯v AÚm\Ime¯v {In kvXpaXw kzoIcn¡pIbpw C{_m\n (lo{_p) `mj FgpXm³ ]Tn¡pIbpw sNbvXncp¶p. F¶n«v C©oen \n¶v Nne `mK §Ä lo{_p `mjbn At±lw FgpXnsbSp¡mdpmbncp¶p. At±lw hfsc htbmhr²\mbn. I¬ImgvN Xs¶ \jvSs¸«p Ignªncp¶p. At±lt¯mSp JZoP (d) ]dªp: “]nXrhy]p{Xm! Xm¦fpsS ktlmZc]p{Xt\mSv hnhc§Ä At\zjn¡pI.” A t¸mÄ hd¡¯v Xncpta\ntbmSp tNmZn¨p: “ktlmZc]p{Xm! \n§Ä¡pmb A\p`h§Ä Fs´ms¡bmWv?” I ImgvNI sfÃmw Xncpta\n hd¡¯ns\ Adnbn¨p. At¶cw hd¡¯v Xncpta\ntbmSp ]dªp: “aqkm (A) bpsS ASp¡te¡v AÃmlp Ab¨ncp¶ AtX clkyktµihmlI\mWnXv.”...F¶m ]n¶oS[nIw Xmakn ¨nÃ. hd¡¯v acWaSªp. ssZhnIktµi§fpsS hchv Iptd \mtf¡v \nebv¡pIbpw sNbvXp.”2 ]n¶oSv apl½Zn\pmb ZÀi\s¯¸än Pm_ndp_v\p A_vZn Ãm F¶ injy³ ]dbp¶Xpw {it²bamWv: 51
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
“({]hmNIe_v[nsb¯pSÀ¶v) Iptd \mtf¡v ssZhnI ktµ iw e`n¡mXncp¶Xns\¡pdn¨v At±lw kwkmcn¡pIbmbn cp¶p. At¶cw Xsâ kwkmcat²y Xncpta\nsb D²cn¨psIm v C§s\ ]dªp: “Rm³ (\_n) \S¶p t]mIpt¼mÄ BIm i¯p \n¶v Hcp i_vZw tI«p. DSs\ taÂt¸m«p t\m¡n. A t¸mÄ lodm KplbnÂsh¨v Fsâ ASp¡Â h¶ ae¡v BImi `qanIÄ¡nSbn Hcp Itkebnt·Â AXm Ccn¡p¶p. AXp Iv F\n¡p `bw tXm¶n. DSs\ Rm³ (ho«nte¡p) aS§n. F¶n«v ‘F\n¡p ]pX¨p XcnI’, ‘F\n¡p ]pX¨p XcnI’ F¶p Rm³ ]dªp. At¸mgmWv ‘Hm! ]pX¸n¨p aqSnbhs\, Fgpt¶Â ¡pI, F¶n«v A{i²cmb \nsâ P\Xsb Xm¡oXp sN¿pI. \nsâ c£nXmhnsâ alXzw {]IoÀ¯\w sN¿pI. \nsâ hkv{X s¯ ip²am¡n sh¡pI. sXämb \S]SnIÄ shSnbpI” F¶o hN\§Ä (JpÀ B³ 74:1þ5) AÃmlp AhXcn¸n¨Xv. ]n¶oSv ssZhnIktµi§Ä¡p NqSp]nSn¨p. Ah XpSÀ¨bmbn h¶psIm ncp¶p.3 A§s\bpmIp¶ ZÀi\§sf¸än Bbni Xs¶ asämcp `mK¯p ]dbp¶Xv C§s\bmWv: lmcokp_v\plnkmw Xncp ta\n (k) tbmSp tNmZn¨p: “ssZhZqXsc! At§bv¡v ssZhnIk tµiw h¶pIn«p¶sX§s\bmWv? Xncpta\n Acpfn. Nnet¸mÄ aWn\mZw apg§pt¼msebpÅ Hcp i_vZt¯msS F\n¡Xp h¶pIn«pw. F\n¡p Xm§m³ Gähpw hnjaapÅ HchØ bmWXv. F¶n«v AX§hkm\n¡pw. B ktµi hmlI³ ]d ªXv At¶cw Rm³ icn¡pw lrZnØam¡nbn«pmbncn¡pw. Nnet¸mÄ Hcp ]pcpjsâ cq]¯n ae¡v Fsâ ap¼n {]Xy £s¸Spw. F¶ns«t¶mSp kwkmcn¡pw. At¶cw B ae¡p ]dªsXÃmw Rm³ lrZnØam¡pw.” Bbni (d) ]dbp¶p. “ITn\ssiXyapÅ Znhkw Xncpta\n¡v ssZhnI ktµiw h¶p In«p¶Xv Rm³ In«pv. Xncpta\n¡p ktµiw e`n¨p AXn \n¶p hncan¨p Ignbpt¼mÄ Xncpta\nbpsS s\än¯Sw hnbÀ s¯men¡p¶pmIpw.”4 ssZhw, ae¡v, Pn¶v, ]nimNv F¶n§s\ ]eXcw AZriy PohnIsf¸änbpw kzÀKw, \cIw XpS§nb temI§tf¸änbpw 52
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
hnizmknIÄ ]dbmdps¦nepw AsXms¡ shdpw sI«pIY IfmsW¶v sXfnªpIgnªn«pv. hfscsbm¶pw Nn´n¡m\pw ]Tn¡m\pw Ignbm¯ NneÀ AÔambn C¯cw Imcy§fn hnizkn¡p¶Xpw \ap¡p a\Ênem¡mw. ]t£, ]nimNv, ssZhw, amemJ XpS§nbh {]Xy£s¸«p F¶v AhImis¸Sp¶hÀ B[p\nI a\ximkv{X¯nsâ ZrjvSnbn at\mtcmKnIfmWv. {]kn² a\ximkv{X]ÞnX\pw ktX¬ Iment^mÀWnbm bq Wnthgvknänbnse s{]m^kdpamb ^vtfmbnUv. FÂ.dpIv, kvIn tkmt{^\nb F¶ am\knItcmKs¯¸än ]dbp¶Xv C§s\ bmWv: at\mtcmKnIÄ¡v, {]tXyIn¨pw kvIntkmt{^\nb _m[n ¨hÀ¡v, XpSÀ¨bmbn ambnI{`a§Ä A\p`hs¸Sp¶pv. Npäp ]mSpIfnepÅ F´nsâsb¦nepw {]tNmZ\tam km¶n²ytam CÃm¯ C{µnbm\p`h§fmWh. bmYmÀ°y¯n \n¶p hyXy kvXamb A¯cw A\p`h§sf asämcp hyàn¡v hymJym\n ¡m³ {]bmkamWv. B tcmKnsb kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfw AXn \À°aps¦nepw an¡t¸mgpw C¯cw ambnIm\p`h§Ä {ih Wt¯mSp _Ôs¸«XmWv. B hyàn Akm[mcWtam kw{`a P\Itam Bb H¨tbm i_vZtam tIÄ¡p¶p. Nnet¸mÄ Abm tfmSv IÂ]n¡p¶Xmtbm Asæn D]tZin¡p¶Xmtbm tXm¶pw. A¯cw {ihW]camb ambnI{`a§Ä an¡t¸mgpw tcmKnsb aXn{`amhØbnse¯n¡pw. DZmlcW¯n\v, tcmKn Xms\mcp aX{]hmNI\msW¶v hnNmcn¡p¶ ]£w, At±l ¯n\p e`n¡p¶ ambnI ktµi§Ä ssZh¯n \n¶p e`n¡p ¶XmsW¶v [cn¡pw. aäpÅhÀ¡msW¦n Xm³ BtcmSmWv kwkmcn¡p¶sX¶v tcmKn¡v \nÝbapmhpIbnÃ. ambnI ambn IS¶phcp¶ Bfpambn AbmÄ ZoÀLambn kwkmcn¡p sa¦nepw.”5 a\ximkv{XÚsâ Cu hniIe\w A\pkcn¨v, apl½Zv \ _nbpsS ZÀi\§Ä At±ls¯ _m[n¨ncp¶ kvIntkmt{^ \nb tcmK¯nsâ ^eambncp¶p F¶pÅXv hyàamWv. lZokp IÄ hmbn¡pt¼mÄ \_n Hcp am\knItcmKnbmbncp¶p F¶v sXfnbn¡p¶ aäp \nch[n kw`h§Ä ImWmw. Hcp Znhkw 53
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
Dd¡¯n \n¶v \_n NmSnsbWoäp ]dª hnhcw At±l¯n sâ `mcyamcn Hcmfmb D½pkpÂa shfns¸Sp¯p¶Xv C§s\ bmWv. “Hcp Znhkw cm{Xn Xncpta\n s]s«¶v DWÀ¶p. F¶n«v Xncpta\n Acpfn: kp_vlm\Ã! Fs´Ãmw Ipg¸§fmWv Cu cm{Xnbn Xpd¡s¸«ncn¡p¶Xv! F{Xsb{X JPm\IfmWv C¶p Xpd¡s¸«ncn¡p¶Xv! apdnIfn Dd§ns¡mncn¡p¶ kv{XoIsf \n§Ä thKw DWÀ¯ns¡mÅpI. CltemI¯v hkv{Xw [cn¨ F{X kv{XoIfmWv ]ctemI¯v \ácmbncn¡m³ t]mIp¶Xv!6 C§s\ \_n ]dsª¦nepw A¶p {]tXyIambn Fs´¦nepw kw`hn¨Xmbn D½pkpÂa ]dbp¶nÃ. asämcp ck Icamb hnhcWw apl½Zv Xs¶ \ÂIp¶p: “Rm³ a¡bn Xmakn¡p¶ Ime¯v Fsâ ho«nsâ ta¯«p Xpd¶n«p Pn_v cn Cd§nh¶p; F¶n«t±lw Fsâ s\ªv Iodn¯pd¶p; A\´cw ‘kwkw’ shÅwsImXp IgpIn. ]n¶oSv At±lw kzÀW¯nsâ Hcp XfnI \ndsb XXzÚm\hpw kXyhnizm khpw sImph¶n«v Fsâ s\ªnepÅnte¡§v Hgn¨p. F¶n «Xp aqSn¡fªp. A\´cw Fsâ ssI ]nSn¨psImv `qantbmSp sXm«Sp¯p \n¡p¶ BImit¯bv¡v At±lw Ibdnt¸mbn...7 asämchkc¯n ]Ånbnse {]kwK]oT¯n \n¶psIm v \_n ]dªp: “CXm Ct¸mÄ \cIhpw kzÀKhpw Cu Npacn t·Â Fsâ I¬ap¼n {]ZÀin¸n¡s¸«p. (kzÀKs¯t¸mse) A{Xbpw hninjvShpw (\cIt¯t¸mse) A{Xbpw hjfpamb ImgvN Hcn¡epw Rm³ Int«bnÃ.”8 asämcn¡Â _Zdn Ipssdin t\Xm¡sf AS¡w sNbvX InWänsâ Icbn sN¶p \n¶n«v, B t\Xm¡sfbpw AhcpsS ]nXm¡sfbpw t]scSp¯p hnfn¨psImv, C¶hsâ aI³ C¶ ht\! C¶hsâ aI³ C¶ht\! AÃmlphns\bpw Ahsâ ZqXs\bpw A\pkcn¨psImp Pohn¨ncps¶¦n \¶mbncp t¶s\sb¶v Ct¸mÄ \n§Ä¡v tXm¶p¶ptm?....CXp tI« t¸mÄ DaÀ (d) tNmZn¨p. “ssZhZqXsc, \nÀÖoh icoc§tfmSv AhnSp¶p F´mWp kwkmcn¡p¶Xv? Xncpta\n Acpfn: “apl½ Znsâ Bßmhns\ \nb{´n¨psImncn¡p¶ AÃmlphns\ s¡mp kXyw, Fsâ kwkmcw tIÄ¡m³ AhÀ¡pÅ Ignhv 54
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
\n§Ä¡p t]mepanÃ.”9 ih§Ä¡v tIÄ¡m³ Ignªp F¶pw \_n ]dªXv IÅ amsW¶p ]dbm³ \nhr¯nbnÃ. am\knItcmKw _m[n¨ HcmÄ ¡v C¯cw tXm¶epIÄ DmImdpv. kXyamsW¶p hnizkn ¨psImmWv AhÀ A§s\ ]dbp¶Xv. _ZÀbp²w \S¡p¶ Znhkw CXpt]mse asämcp ZÀi\hpw apl½Zn\pmbn. At± lw hnfn¨p]dªp. “AXm Pn_ncn Bbp[§fWnªp Xsâ IpXncbpsS Xe ]nSn¨psImp \n¡p¶p.”10 aämcpw ImWm¯Xp ImWpI, CÃm¯ i_vZw tIÄ¡pI XpS§nb am\knItcmK e£W§Ä apl½Zn an¡t¸mgpw Zriyambncp¶Xmbn lZokpIfn \n¶v hyàamIp¶p. At± l¯n\v am\knItcmKw Dmbncp¶p F¶v `mcy Bbni Xs¶ ]dbp¶papv. AhÀ ]dbp¶p: “Xncpta\n (k)bv¡v amcWw _m[n¨p. F¶n«v Xm³ bYmÀ° ¯n sN¿m¯ {]hr¯nIÄ Xm³ sNbvXXmbn Xncpta\n (k)bv¡p tXm¶m³ XpS§n. A§s\ Hcp Znhkw Xncpta\n {]mÀ°n¨p. hopw hopw {]mÀ°n¨p. ]ns¶ AhnSp¶v BbnitbmSv tNmZn¨p: F\n¡p kpJw {]m]n¡m³ th amÀKw AÃmlp Adnbn¨p X¶Xp \o Adntªm? XpSÀ¶v Xncpta\n (k) Acpfn: “cmfpIÄ Fsâ ASp¡Â h¶p. AhcnsemcmÄ Fsâ Xebv¡p kao]hpw asäbmÄ Fsâ ImepIÄ¡cnInepw Ccp¶p. F¶n«v AhcnsemcmÄ atäbmfnt\mSp tNmZn¨p: ‘Cu a\pjysâ tcmKsa´mWv?’ ‘At±ls¯ amcWw _m[n¨ncn ¡pIbmWv’, F¶v asäbmÄ adp]Sn ]dªp. ‘BcmWv amcWw sNbvXXv?’ BZys¯ a\pjy³ hopw tNmZn¨p. ‘e_oZv_v\p AAvkam (Hcp PqX³)WXv.’ asäbmÄ tNmZn¨p. ‘knlvdn¶p F´mWbmÄ D]tbmKn¨ncn¡p¶Xv?’ cma³ ]dªp. NoÀ¸pw apSnbpw (Asæn ]cp¯n) Cu´¸\bpsS B¬IpebpsS Iq¼mfbpamWv D]tbmKn¨ncn¡p¶Xv. ‘F¶ns«hnsSbmWXpÅ sX’¶v H¶ma³ tNmZn¨p. ‘ZÀhm³’ InWdnemWXpÅXv F¶v cma³ adp]Sn ]dªp. DSs\ Xncpta\n (k) At§m«p ]pds¸ «p. ]n¶oSv AhnsS\n¶p aS§nh¶t¸mÄ Bbni(d)tbmSp 55
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
]dªp: ‘AhnSs¯ Cu´¸\IÄ ssi¯m³amcpsS Xet]m sebpv.’ Bbnim (d) ]dbp¶p: At¸mÄ Rm³ tNmZn¨p: ‘A hnS¶v AXp ]pdt¯s¡Spt¯m?’ Xncpta\n (k) Acpfn: C t¸mÄ AÃmlp Fs¶ icns¸Sp¯n¯¶pIgnªp. AXp ]pd t¯bvs¡Sp¡p¶ ]£w P\§Ä¡nSbn AXv Hcp h¼n¨ Ipg¸¯n\v ImcWamtb¡ptamsb¶p Rm³ `bs¸Sp¶p.” ]n¶o Sv B InWÀ aqSn¡fªp.11 amcWw F¶p ]dbp¶Xv ‘IqtSm{X’¯n\mWv. BÀ¡pw Bsc bpw IqtSm{Xw sN¿phm³ km[yasöv kmam\yw Nn´n¡p ¶hÀs¡ms¡ Adnbmw. IqtSm{Xw, ssIhnjw Fs¶ms¡ Adnbs¸Sp¶Xv am\knItcmK§fmWv. apl½Znsâ `mcy Bbn i ]dbp¶ amcWw C¯c¯n s]«XmWv. F´psImmWv C¯c¯n Hcp am\knItcmKw apl½Zn \pmbXv? A\mYXzw,. AanX emf\, kpc£nXt_m[anÃmbva, AXncp Ihnª A¨S¡w XpS§nbh Hcp a\pjys\ kvIntkm t{^\nbm tcmKnbm¡msa¶mWv s{]m^kÀ dq¡nsâ A`n{]m bw.12 P\n¡p¶Xn\p apt¼ AÑ\pw Bdmas¯ hbkn A½ bpw H³]Xmas¯ hbkn ap¯Ñ\pw \jvSs¸« apl½Znsâ a\Ên AsXms¡ Dm¡nb BLmXambncn¡Ww, At±l s¯ Hcp tcmKnbm¡n amänbXv. at\mtcmK¯nsâ ^eambn A t±l¯n\pmb ambnIZÀi\§fpw, Nn´bnÂ\n¶p cq]w sIm A`n{]mb§fpamWv ]n¡me¯v CÉmwaX¯nsâ BhnÀ `mh¯n\v hgnsXfn¨Xv. hr²\pw {InkvXym\nbpamb hd¡¯n sâ ZÀi\hymJym\w AXn\p klmbIamIpIbpw sNbvXp. apl½Znsâ PohnXIme¯pXs¶ NneÀ CXp a\Ênem¡n bncp¶psh¶pÅXn\v JpÀB\nÂXs¶ sXfnhpIfpv. kXy\ntj[nIÄ ]dbp¶p: “Cu JpÀB³ X\n IÅhmÀ¯ bmWv. CXp apl½ZmWv sI«nbpm¡p¶Xv. aäp Nne BfpIÄ AXn Ahs\ klmbn¡p¶papv. C¡q«À henb B{IaamWv {]hÀ¯n¨ncn¡p¶Xv. AhÀ ]dªXv X\n¡ÅhpamWv. (aäp Nnet¸mÄ) AhÀ ]dbp¶p: (Cu JpÀB³) ]qÀÆnI·mcpsS ]g¦YIfmWv. AXp apl½Zv FgpXn sh¨ncn¡pIbmWv. F¶n«v 56
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
AXv Ahsâ ap¼n sh¨v cmhnsebpw sshIpt¶chpw hmbn¨p tIĸn¡p¶p..... BcptStbm amcW¯n\p hnt[b\mb Hcp a\p jys\ am{XamWp \n§Ä ]n´pScp¶Xv F¶pIqSn Cu B{Ian IÄ ]dbp¶p.” (JpÀB³ 25:4þ8) “(apl½Zv IhnbmsW¶mWtÃm asämcp hmZw. hmkvXh ¯nÂ) hgn]ng¨hcmWv IhnIsf ]n´pScpI.” (JpÀB³ 27:192) apl½Znsâ Cu \ncq]IÀs¡m¶pw ]n¶oSv ]nSn¨p \n¡m³ IgnªnÃ. ‘{]hmNI’sâ ssk\yw Chscsbms¡ h[n¨pI fªp. ]t£, AhÀ ]dªXp ]eXpw icnbmbncp¶p F¶mWv C¶s¯ a\pjy\v tXm¶p¶Xv. References: 1. klolp _pJmcn (kn.F³. Al½Zv auehnbpsS XÀÖa),. lZokv : 3 2. Ibid. 3. Ibid., lZokv : 4 4. Ibid., lZokv : 2 5. Ruch, Floyd. L, Psychology and Life, Bombay (1970) p. 488. 6. klolp _pJmcn, lZokv : 93 7. Ibid., lZokv : 221 8. Ibid., lZokv : 318 9. Ibid., lZokv : 1559 10. Ibid., lZokv : 1561 11. Ibid., lZokv : 1345 12. Ruch, Floyd. L., p. 492
57
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
4 apl½Znsâ IpSpw_PohnXw CÉmw aXØm]I\mb apl½Zv \_n, {InkvXym\nIfpsS ]p Wyhm·msctbm bqZ·mcpsS Nne {]hmNI·mtctbmt]mse kÀÆ kwK]cnXymKnbmbncp¶nÃ. At±lw CÉmwaXcmjv{S ¯nsâ ]cam[nImcnbmb `cW¯eh\pw bp²X{´Ú\pw Bbncp¶p. kv{XoItfbpw ssewKnI_Ôt¯bpw ]än At±l ¯n\v kz´w A`n{]mb§Ä Dmbncp¶p. ]n¡me¯v e£ ¡W¡n\p kv{XoIsf ASna¯¯nemgv¯phm³ ImcWam¡n bXv At±lw \nÀ½n¨ \nba§fmWv. AXn ]eXn\pw ImcW ambn¯oÀ¶XmIs« At±l¯nsâ hnhmlPohnXw Dm¡nb {]iv\§fpamWv. AXpsImv \_nbpsS IpSpw_PohnXs¯ ChnsS Aev]sam¶v hniIe\w sNt¿nbncn¡p¶p. Ccp]¯©mas¯ hbÊn \mev]XpImcnbpw [\mVybp amb JZoPsb hnhmlw sNbvXpsImmWv apl½Zv IpSpw_ PohnXw Bcw`n¡p¶Xv. AXn\p ap¼v At±l¯n\v GsX¦nepw t{]a_Ô§fpmbncpt¶m Fs¶m¶pw \ap¡dnbnÃ. GXm bmepw ]Xn\©p hbkn\p aq¸p IqSpXepw ap³ hnhml§fn GXm\pw Ip«nIfpsS A½bpambncp¶ B kv{Xobpsam¯pÅ PohnXw henb A]mIXIsfm¶panÃmsX apt¼m«p t]mbn. kn. C. 619þÂ, apl½Zn\v 48 hbÊpÅt¸mgmWv AhÀ A´cn¨Xv. At¸mÄ AhÀ¡v 63 hbÊpmbncp¶p. C¡mea{Xbpw apl½Zv hnizkvX\mb `À¯mhmbncp¶p F¶mWv Ncn{XImc·mÀ ]dbp ¶Xv. AhcpsS acWtijw ]Xn\©p hÀj¡meta apl½Zv Pohn¨pÅq. AXn\nSbn ]¯p hnhml§Ä Ign¡pIbpw \mep sh¸m«nIsf kzoIcn¡pIbpw sNbvXp. AXn\p ]pdta aäp \nc 58
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
h[n kv{XoIfpambn A¡me¯p _Ôs¸«p. F¦nepw PohnXm ´ywhsc JZoPsb¸änbpÅ HmÀ½ At±l¯nsâ a\Ên ]¨ ]nSn¨p \n¶ncp¶psh¶v Xmsg D²cn¡p¶ lZokpIfn \n¶v hyàamIpw. “Abnim (d)bn \n¶p \nthZ\w: “JZoPm (d) bpsS Akq bmhlamb \ne]mSn F\n¡pmbncp¶ AkzmØyw Xncpta \n (k) bpsS ]Xv\namcn HcmÄs¡Xncnepw F\n¡pmbncp ¶nÃ. bYmÀ°¯n Rm³ JZoP (d)sb In«nÃ. ]t£, Xncpta\n (k) Ahsc¡pdn¨p hfsctbsd kwkmcn¡mdpm bncp¶p. Nnet¸mÄ Xncpta\n (k) BSdp¯p Ahbh§sfÃmw sh«n apdn¨v JZoPm (d) bpsS tXmgnamÀ¡v ]mcntXmjnIambn sImSp¯b¡pw. CsXÃmw ImWpt¼mÄ Nnet¸mÄ Xncpta\n (k) tbmSv Rm³ ]dbpw: temI¯v JZoPbnÃmsX Hcp kv{Xobpw Dmbncp¶nsöv tXm¶patÃm.” At¸mÄ Xncpta\n (k) JZo Pm (d)bpsS ØnXnKXnIÄ hÀWn¡m³ XpS§pw. A¡q«¯n ‘F\n¡p k´m\§fpmbXv AhcnemsW¶p Xncpta\n (k) Acpfpw.’ asämcn¡Â Bbnim C§s\ A\pkvacn¸n¡p¶p. ‘JZoPm (d)bpsS ktlmZcn lme (d) Hcn¡Â h¶t¸mÄ Xncpta \n (k)bpsS ASp¡Â {]thin¡phm³ k½Xw Bhiys¸«p. s]s«¶p JZoPbmtWm A\phmZw tNmZn¡p¶sX¶p tXm¶n Xncpta\n `b¶pt]mbn. F¶n«v AhnS¯v Acpfn: ‘AÃmlpth CXp lmembtÃm’ Bbnim (d) ]dbp¶p: ‘At¸msg\n¡v JZo Pm (d)bv¡v Xncpta\n (k) bpsS a\ÊnepÅ Øm\¯n Akp Jw tXm¶n. Rm³ tNmZn¨p: “]Ãp hoWpt]mbn«v tamW Nph¶ Hcp Jpssdin hr²sb¡pdn¨v A§p¶v C{Xsbms¡ HmÀ¡ms\ ´ncn¡p¶p? Ahsct¶m acn¨p t]mbn¡gnªncn¡p¶p. C¶v At§bv¡v Ahtc¡mÄ D¯acmb ]Xv\namsc ]Icw X¶n «ptÃm.”1 BbnibpsS Cu hmZsam¶pw JZoPbv¡v At±l¯nsâ a\ ÊnepÅ Øm\w Ipdbv¡m³ ]cym]vXambnÃ. A_q^ssd ]d bp¶p: “Hcn¡Â Pn_vcn Xncpta\n (k) bpsS ASp¡Â h¶n«p ]dªp: “ssZhZqXsc! JZoPm (d) CXm Xm¦fpsS ASp¡te¡p hcp¶p. AhcpsS ssIbn Idn hnf¼nb Hcp ]m{Xapv. (Asà 59
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
¦n aämlmctam ]m\obtam). AhÀ Xm¦Â\n¶pw Fsâ ]¡Â\n¶pÅ ‘kemw’ Ahsc Adnbn¡pIbpw cXv\§ÄsIm p \nÀ½n¨ Hcp ku[w kzÀK¯n AhÀ¡pmbncn¡p sa¶p kt´mjhmÀ¯ Ahsc Adnbn¡pIbpw sNbvXmepw.”2 apl½Zn\pmb Hcp ambm{`aamWnsX¶pÅ Imcy¯n kwibanÃ. BbnibmWv apl½Znsâ ZznXob]Xv\n. JZoPbpsS acW ¯n\ptijw At±lw \ncmi\mbn Ignbp¶ Imew. Dkvam³ cp \nÀt±i§Ä sh¨p; H¶pIn A_ps_¡dnsâ aIÄ Bbnjsb Asæn hn[hbmb k_vZm_n³ kamsb Ieym Ww Ign¡Wsa¶v. AXn BbnibpsS Imcy¯nemWv apl½ Zn\p Xm¸cyw tXm¶nbXv. ]t£. AhÄ¡t¸mÄ Bdp hb tÊ Dmbncp¶pÅq. Ad_nIfpsS BNmc{]Imcw asämcmÄ¡v B iniphns\ hnhmlw sNbvXp sImSp¡msa¶p k½Xn¡p Ibpw sNbvXncp¶p. AXpsImv BZyw A_qs_¡dn\pw k½ Xapmbncp¶nÃ. ]n¶oSv At±lw a\Êp amäpIbpw BZys¯ hnhml \nÝbw Dt]£n¨n«p \_n¡v Ahsf hnhmlw sNbvXp sImSp¡pIbpw sNbvXp. At¸mÄ Bbnibv¡v Bdp hbÊpw `À¯mhn\v A³]Xp hbÊpw Bbncp¶p {]mbw! Ifnt¡m¸pI fpambn«mWv AhÄ `À¯mhnsâ ho«n t]mbXv. AhcpsS hnhm lPohnX¯nsâ Bcw`L«s¯ Bbni C§s\ A\pkvacn ¡p¶p: “F\n¡v Bdp hbÊpÅt¸mgmWv Xncpta\n (k) Fs¶ hnhm lw sNbvXXv. ]n¶oSv R§Ä aZo\bnte¡v h¶p. AhnsS _ \qÂlmcokn_v\p JkvdPv tKm{X¯n Xmakn¨p. At¸mÄ aZo\bnse ImemhØ ]nSn¡m¯XpsImv F\n¡p ]\n ]nSn ¨p. F¶n«v Fsâ apSnsbÃmw sImgnªpt]mbn. Ahkm\w Fsâ Xebnse apSn sNhnhsc am{Xw Ahtijn¨p. A§s\ Hcn¡Â Fsâ amXmhv D½pdqam³ Fsâ ASp¡Â h¶p. Rm³ Fsâ tXmgnIfpsam¯v DuªmemSpIbmbncp¶p. Fsâ amXmhv Fs¶ D¨¯n hnfn¨p. Rm\hcpsS ASp¡Â sN¶p. AhcpsS Dt±iw F\n¡p a\ÊnembnÃ. Ahscsâ ssI ]nSn¨v Fs¶ 60
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
Hcp ho«p hmXn¡ sImpt]mbn \ndp¯n. ]cn{`aw aqew Fsâ DÅp hn§m³ XpS§n. ]ns¶ AXS§n. ]n¶oSv AhÀ Aev]w shÅsaSp¯v Fsâ apJ¯pw Xebnepw XpS¨p. A\ ´cw Fs¶ B ho«n\pÅnte¡p sImpt]mbn. At¸mgXm Ipsd A³kmcn kv{XoIÄ B ho«n kt½fn¨ncn¡p¶p. AhÀ ]dªp: “\n\¡p R§Ä t£ahpw ku`mKyhpw t\À¶psIm Åp¶p. iq`e£W§tfmSpIqSnbmWv \o h¶ncn¡p¶Xv .” Ahkm\w Fsâ amXmhpw Fs¶ AhÀt¡ev]n¨psImSp¯p. Ahscs¶ Hcp¡n¨abn¨p. HSphn ]qÀÆmÓ¯n Xncpta\n (k) AXm IS¶phcp¶p. AXpIv F\n¡Â¸w `bw tXm¶n. Ahkm\w B kv{XoIÄ Fs¶ Xncpta\n¡v G¸n¨psImSp ¯p. As¶\n¡v 9 hbÊmbncp¶p {]mbw.”3 XpSÀ¶pÅ H³]Xp hÀjw AhÄ \_nbpsS `mcybmbn Xmakn¨p. Bbnibv¡v ]Xns\«p hbÊpÅt¸mÄ apl½Zv acn¨p. At±l¯n\v temI¯n Gähpw CjvSapÅ hyàn Abnibm bncp¶psh¶v Hcn¡Â At±lw ]dbpIbpmbn. AhcpsS aSnbn Xesh¨psImmWv apl½Zv acn¨Xpw. {]mbwIqSnb JZoPbpambpw {]mbw Ipdª AbnibpambpapÅ _Ôw hfsc kt´mjIcambncp¶p F¶p ]dbmdps¦nepw Cu {]mb hyXymkw apl½Znsâ a\Êns\ _m[n¨ncp¶p F¶p tXm¶p ¶p. kzÀKt¯¸än ]dbpt¼mÄ ka{]mb¡mcmb XcpWnIsf bmWv AhnsS e`n¡p¶sX¶p ]dbp¶Xv AXpsImmWv. \_nbpsS aäp `mcyamÀ Xmsg¸dbp¶hcmWv: 3. kuZ 4. Dadnsâ aIÄ l^vkm _ohn 5. ssk\_ 6. D½pkÂa 7. ssk\_ (skbvZnsâ ap³`mcy) 8. Pqsshcnbm 9. D·ql_o_ 10. ssaap\ 11. k^n¿m 61
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
CXn\p ]pdta amcn¿m, XpÂIn_vXn¿, ssdlm\, kpsseJ XpS§n \mep sh¸m«n (shÅm«n)Ifpw \_n¡pmbncp¶p. C Xn Nne hnhml§Ä hfsctbsd {]tXyIXIÄ DÅXmWv. sskZnsâ `mcybmbncp¶ ssk\_sb \_n hnhmlw Ign¨Xv A¡me¯pt]mepw {]iv\§fpm¡n. ImcWw sskZv At±l ¯nsâ hfÀ¯p]p{X\mbncp¶p. ]p{X\pw ]p{X`mcybpw X½n sXänbt¸mÄ ]p{Xs\s¡mv hnhmltamN\w \S¯n¨Xn\p tijw apl½Zv ]p{X`mcysb hnhmlw Ign¨p ! Im«pPmXn¡mÀ t]mepw sN¿m¯ Hcp \nIrjvSamb GÀ¸mSmWnsX¶pÅ Imcy ¯n BÀs¡¦nepw kwibapmIptam Fs¶\n¡p kwib amWv. BfpIÄ hnaÀin¨t¸mÄ \_n Hcp JpÀB³ hN\apm ¡n. X^vkodp JpÀB\n AXp hnhcn¡p¶Xv C§s\bmWv: (“]p{Xsâ ]Xv\nsb hnhmlw sNbvXpsh¶p ]dbp¶Xn P\ §sf Xm¦Ä `b¶p; Xm¦Ä `bs¸Sphm³ Gähpw AÀl³ AÃmlphs{X. A\´cw sskZv Ahsc XemJv sNmÃn AhcpsS C±bpw Ignªp.) AÃmlp ]dbp¶p. A§s\ sskZv Ahfn \n¶v Dt±i\nhr¯n hcp¯nbt¸mÄ Xm¦Ä¡hsf \mw hnhm lw sNbvXpX¶p. kXyhnizmknIÄ¡v AhcpsS hfÀ¯p ]p{X ·mcpsS ]Xv\nIsf AhÀ Ahcn \n¶p Bhiyw \ndthän (hnhmlw Ign¡p¶XnÂ) IpäanÃmXncn¡phm³ thn AÃmlp hnsâ Iev]\ {]mhÀ¯nIamt¡XpXs¶.”4 aäp `mcyamcn ]ecpw bp²¯n ]nSns¨Sp¡s¸« kv{XoIfm bncp¶p. A¡mes¯ Gähpw henb kpµcnIfpw tKm{XhÀK t\Xm¡·mcpsS a¡tfm ktlmZcnamtcm Hs¡bmbncp¶p Ah scÃmwXs¶. C§s\ C{Xam{Xw `mcyamcpmbncp¶n«pw apl ½Zn\v Xr]vXn h¶nÃ. ]ns¶bpw At±l¯nsâ Bkàn hgn hn«p k©cn¨psImncp¶p. hnizmknIÄ¡v At±lwXs¶ \nÝbn¨p sh¨ \nba§sfsbÃmw AXv AXnÀIS¶p. At¸mÄ apl½Zn\p am{Xamb Hcp Iev]\ Dm¡n: “AÃtbm {]hmNItc! Xm¦Ä alÀ \ÂInbXmb Xm¦fpsS `mcyamcn \n¶pw (AhnizmknIfn \n¶v bp²¯n ]nSn¡ s¸« k^n¿m, Pqsshcn¿m t]mepÅ) AÃmlp Xm¦Ä¡p \ 62
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
Inbn«pÅ Xm¦fpsS hewssI DSabm¡nbhscbpw Xm¦tfm sSm¸w lnPvd sNbvX Xm¦fpsS ]nXrktlmZc]p{XnItfbpw ]nXrktlmZco]p{XnItfbpw Xm¦tfbpw hnizmkn\nbmb Hcp kv{Xo Ahsf \_n¡p Zm\w sN¿pIbpw \_n Ahsf (alvÀ IqSmsX) hnhmlw Ign¡phm³ Dt±in¡pIbpw sN¿p¶ ]£w Ahsfbpw Xm¦Ä¡v \mw A\phZn¨ncn¡p¶p. (alvÀ IqSmsX Zm\]Zw aptJ\bpÅ hnhmlw) aäp hnizmknIÄ¡nÃmsX Xm ¦Ä¡v {]tXyIamWv. AhcpsS (hnizmknIfpsS) ta AhcpsS `mcyamcnepw AhcpsS hewssIIÄ DSabm¡nb shÅm«nIfn epw \mw \nÀ_Ôam¡nbXv (\men IqSpXemIcpsX¶pw hen ¿pw km£nbpw alvdpanÃmsX hnhmlw sN¿cpsX¶pw aäpapÅ hn[nIÄ) \nÝbw \mw Adnªncn¡p¶p. Xm¦fpsS ta (hnhm l¯nÂ) hnjaanÃmXncn¡p¶Xn\p thn AÃmlp hfsc s]mdp¡p¶h\pw IcpWsN¿p¶h\pas{X.”5 Cu JpÀB³ hN\w {i²tbmsS hmbn¨m \_nbpsS kzm [o\¯nepw \nb{´W¯nepapmbncp¶Xpw, At±lw ssewKn I_Ôw ]peÀ¯nbncp¶hcpamb kv{XoIfpsS kwJy F{Xam {Xambncp¶psh¶v hyàamIpw. ]nXrktlmZctâbpw ktlmZ cnbptSbpw amXrktlmZctâbpw ktlmZcnbpsSbpw s]¬a ¡Ä XpS§n _Ô¯nepÅ kIe s]®p§fpw bp² ¯ShpIm cmb kv{XoIfpw am{XaÃ, BÀs¡¦nepw \_ntbmSp Xmev]cyw tXm¶nbm Ahcpw! C³Uy³ ]pcmW§fnse {io IrjvWs\ t¸mepw C¡mcy¯n \_n IS¯n sh«nbncn¡pIbmWv . C\nbpw C{Xtbsd kv{XoIfpambn F§s\ HcmÄ ssewKnI_ Ôw ]peÀ¯psa¶v kwibw tXm¶mw. AXn\pw lZokpIfn D¯capv. Hcp`mKw ImWpI: “A\kv (d) \n¶p \nthZ\w: Xncpta\n Xsâ ]Xv\namsc Ãmhscbpw cm{Xntbm ]Item Hscmä aWn¡qdn\pÅn kµÀin¡mdpmbncp¶p. B ]Xv\namÀ ]Xns\m¶p t]cpm bncp¶p þHcp dnt¸mÀ«n H¼sX¶pw ]dªn«pvþ “A§s\ A{Xb[nIw kv{XoIfpambn klhkn¡m³ Xncpta\n¡p Ign bptam” sb¶p A\knt\mSp NneÀ tNmZn¨p. “ap¸Xp t]cpsS 63
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
iàn Xncpta\n¡v AÃmlp \ÂInbn«ps¶v R§Ä ]dbmdp mbncp¶p” F¶mWv l{k¯v A\kv AXn\p adp]Sn ]d ªXv.6 Cu hnhcWw icnbmsW¦n kvIntkmt{^\nbmbv¡p ]pd sa kssädnbmknkv (Satyriasis) F¶ ssewKnI AhØ IqSn apl½Zn\pmbncp¶p F¶p IcptXnbncn¡p¶p. ]pcpj·m cn ImWp¶ AanXamb ssewKnImkàn¡mWv kssädnbm knkv F¶p ]dbp¶Xv. ssewKnI{KÙnIfpsS {]hÀ¯\wsIm mWv Cu ssewKnI AhØ DmIp¶Xv. kwt`mK§Ä C¯c¡mcpsS ssewKnImkàn hÀ²n¸n¡pItbbpÅp. 7 CsXms¡bmsW¦nepw `mcyamsc apgph³ Xr]vXns¸Sp¯m³ X\n¡p Ignbptam F¶ kwibhpw apl½Zn\pmbncp¶p. AXpsImv AhÀ ]c]pcpj_Ô¯n GÀs¸Sptam F¶pw At±lw `b¶p. apl½Znsâ ho«n AXnYnIÄ sNÃp¶Xns\ Jpdm³ C§s\ \nb{´n¡p¶p: “AÃtbm hnizmknItf! {]hmN I `h\¯n `£W¯n\mbn (£Wn¡pI hgn {]thin¡p¶ Xn¶p) A\phZn¨m HgnsI \n§Ä {]thin¡cpXv. `£Ww ]mIamIp¶Xp Im¯ncn¡p¶hcÃm¯ ØnXnbn (At¸mÄ \n§Ä¡p {]thin¡mw). ]t£ \n§Ä £Wn¡s¸«m \n §Ä {]thin¡pI. F¶m \n§Ä `£Ww Ign¨m ]ncnªp t]mhpIbpw sN¿pI. \n§Ä (]ckv]cw) Ipiew ]dbphm\mbn X§n\n¡cpXv. XoÀ¨bmbpw B (Xmakw) \_nsb _p²nap«n ¡pw. At¸mÄ (\n§sf ]pd¯m¡p¶Xn\v) AhnSp¶p eÖn ¡pw. AÃmlp kXys¯¡pdn¨p (\n§sf ]pd¯m¡p¶XnÂ) eÖn¡pIbnÃ. (AXns\ hnhcn¡p¶Xns\ Hgnhm¡p¶nÃ. AhtcmSv {]hmNI ]Xv\namtcmSv) \n§Ä hà km[\hpw tNmZn¡p¶psh¦n adbv¡p ]n¶n \n¶p tNmZn¡pI. AXm Wv \n§fpsS lrZb§Ä¡pw AhcpsS lrZb§Ä¡pw Gähpw ip²n. AÃmlphnsâ ZqXsc ieys¸Sp¯tem At±l¯nsâ tijw Xsâ `mcyamsc hnhmlw Ign¡tem Hcn¡epw \n§Ä ¡p ]mSpÅXÃ. \nÝbambpw AXv AÃmlphn¦Â `b¦c ]mXIamWv.”8 64
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
aäp ]pcpj·mÀ ho«n sNÃp¶Xpt]mepw apl½Zn\p `bam bncp¶p F¶mWtÃm CXp ImWn¡p¶Xv. At±l¯nsâ `mcy amtcmSv BÀs¡¦nepw kwkmcn¡Wsa¦n adbv¡p ]n¶n \n¶p thWw! ImcWw hr²\mb apl½Zv ssIhiw sh¨ncn ¡p¶ kv{XoIÄ¡pw am\pjnIamb hnImc§Ä DmIpsa¶pw kµÀ`w In«nbm AkwXr]vXamb B hnImc§Ä Nnds]m«n sbmgpIpsa¶pw At±l¯n¶dnbmambncp¶p. apl½Znsâ \nb{´WanÃm¯ ssewKnIPohnX¯nte¡v shfn¨w hoip¶ ckIcamb Nne kw`h§fpw JpÀB\n hnhcn¨n«pv. “AÃtbm {]hmNItc! AÃmlp \n§Ä A\phZn¨Xns\ (Xm¦fpsS shÅm«n amcn¿¯p In_v¯n¿sb) l^vkbpsS `h\¯n sh¨v l^vk CÃmXncp¶ kµÀ`¯n \_n Ahsc kwtbmKw sNbvXp. AhÀ h¶t¸mÄ shÅm«n Xsâ ho«nepw hncn¸nepapmbXv AhÀ¡p hnjaambnt¯m¶n. XpSÀ¶v F\n ¡Xp ldmamsW¶p Xm¦Ä ]dªt¸mÄ Xm¦fpsS ]Xv\nam cpsS Xr]vXnsb Imw£n¨v Xm¦sf´n\mWv \njn²am¡p¶Xv? AÃmlp Xm¦Ä¡v (Cu ldmam¡Â) s]mdp¡p¶h\pw IcpW sN¿p¶h\pas{X.”9 \_nbpsS Cu {]hr¯nbn l^vkbpw Bbnibpw {]Xn tj[n¨p. At¸mÄ \_n ]dªXv, thnh¶m Ahsc hnhm ltamN\w sNbvXp Ifbpsa¶mWv.10 CÉmwaX cmjv{S¯nsâ Xeh\mWv C§s\ ]dbp¶Xv. AhÀ `bs¸«v HXp§pIbÃm sX F´mWp amÀKw? {InkvXym\nIfpw bqZ·mcpw a\pjysâ ssewKnI hnImcs¯ GXmv tamiamb coXnbnemWv ho£n¨ncp¶sX¶pw apl½Zv AXn\v AÀlamb A´Êpw {]m[m\yhpw \ÂInsb¶pÅXpw ChnsS kvacWobamWv. ]s£, skIvkv BkzZn¡m\pÅ Ah Imiw ]pcpj\p am{Xta At±lw \ÂInbpÅr. kv{Xosb ]qÀ Wambpw AhKWn¨p.
65
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
References: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
klolp _pJmcn, lZokv: 1532 Ibid., lZokv: 1531 Ibid., lZokv: 1547 X^vkodp JpÀ B³ 33:37 Ibid., 33:50 klolp _pJmcn, lZokv: 187 Swaroop, Dr. R., Amazing Abnormalities of Love and Sex Life, New Delhi (1975), p. 90 8. X^vkodp JpÀB³ 33:53 9. Ibid., 66:1 10. Ibid., 66:5
66
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
5 JpÀB³ apl½Zv \_n¡v, At±l¯nsâ 41 apX 63 hscbpÅ hbÊp IÄ¡nSbn ‘kÀhià\mb AÃmlp’hn \n¶p In«nb ktµi§fmWv JpÀB³ F¶mWv apÉo§fpsS hnizmkw. AXnsâ B[nImcnIXsb¡pdn¨v JpÀB\n Xs¶ ]e Øe ¯pw Du¶nbq¶n ]dbp¶p: “\nÝbambpw Cu JpÀB³ kÀÆtemI c£nXmhv AhXcn ¸n¨XpXs¶bmWv. \nsâ lrZb¯n AhXcn¸n¨ncn¡p¶Xv ‘AÀdqlp Aao³’ (hnizkvXmßmhv) BWv. A§s\ sNbvXXv temIP\Xbv¡v \o Xm¡oXp \ÂIphm\mWv. kv]jvSamb Ad _n`mjbnemWv (CXv AhXcn¸n¨ncn¡p¶Xv). CXv, (Cu JpÀ B³ AYhm CXnsâ aqekn²m´§Ä) ]qÀÆkapZmb§fpsS thZ§fnepw FSp¯p ImWn¨n«pv.”1 ssZhw Xs¶bmWv JpÀB³ FgpXnbsX¶v asämcp `mK ¯pw hyàam¡p¶p. “BImi§fnepw `qanbnepapÅ FÃm clky§fpw Adnbp ¶h\mWv Cu JpÀB³ AhXcn¸n¡p¶Xv.”2 C§s\ AhXcn¸n¨Xv kzÀK¯n AS¨p kq£n¨ncn¡p¶ {KÙ¯n \n¶msW¶pw3 a\pjyÀ¡v a\Ênem¡m³ thn bmWv Ad_n`mjbn FgpXs¸«sX¶pw aäpw Nne hmIy§ fn ImWmw. ssZhw FgpXn kzÀK¯n sh¨ncn¡p¶ hnip² {KÙ¯nsâ `mKamWv JpÀB³ F¶pÅXpsImv AXp hnhÀ ¯\w sN¿m³ ]mSnsöpw AapÉo§fpsS ssIbn AXv F ¯mXncn¡m³ {ian¡Wsa¶pw bmYmØnXnI apÉo§Ä ]d ªph¶p. ASp¯ Ime¯v ]c¸\§mSnbn \n¶v {]kn²oI 67
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
cn¨ X^vkodp JpÀBsâ apJhpcbn ]dbp¶p: “Cu ]cn`mj apÉo§sf am{Xw Dt±in¨v FgpXs¸«XmWv. AXn\m I¨hSw aptJ\tbm aäp hn[¯ntem AapÉo§Ä¡v CXp sImSp¡cpsX¶pw AhcpsS Ic§fn F¯nt¨cphm³ CShcp¯cpsX¶pw \Ãhcmb FÃmhtcmSpw DZvt_m[n¸n¨p sImÅp¶p. CXns\ kw_Ôn¨ {]o ]»nt¡j³ ]ckyw ]{X ]wànbn {]Xy£s¸«t¸mÄ Nne AapÉow kplr¯p¡Ä CXnsâ {]km[ItcmSv Bhiys¸«Xn¶v am\yamb adp]Sn Ab¨v Ahsc kam[m\s¸Sp¯pIbmWv sNbvXXv. AhÀ¡m s¡¦nepw _p¡psN¿pItbm hnev]\ \S¯pItbm sNbvXn«nÃ. JpÀB³ 56 : 79þ ip²nbnÃmsX JpÀB³ kv]Àin¡cpsX ¶mWtÃm. AXn hepXpw sNdpXpamb FÃm Aip²nIfpw s]Spw. F¶m X^vkodpIfnepÅ A£c§Ä AXnse JpÀ Bsâ A£c§tf¡mÄ IqSpXemsW¦n hpkp CÃmsX FSp¡mw. alXztadnbXpw BZcWobhpw {]]©\mYsâ hmIy hpamb ]cnip² JpÀB³ ip²w IqSmsX kv]Àin¡epw FSp ¡epw aen\Øe§fnepw hr¯nsI« CS§fnepw CSpItbm shbv¡pItbm sN¿p¶Xpw CXc{KÙ§sft¸mse hµ\bpw _lpam\hpw IqSmsX D]tbmKn¡p¶Xpw AXnsâ ]hn{XX tbmSpw amlmßyt¯mSpw H«pwXs¶ tbmPn¨XÃ. AapÉo§Ä ¡Xv sImSp¡phm³ ]mSpÅXpaÃ. AhÀ sNdptXm heptXm Bb Aip²nbpÅhcmbncn¡psa¶Xn\p ]pdta AXnsâ t\sc A\mZchp ImWn¡pIbnsöp hnizkn¡mhXpaÃtÃm.”5 AapÉo§sfms¡ Aip²nbpÅhcmbXpsImv AhÀ¡v hn¡cpsX¶v apJhpcbn ]dªpsImv {]kn²oIcn¨ X^v kodp JpÀB³, aebmf¯nemsW¦nepw Ad_nt]mse Ah km\s¯ t]Pn \n¶p ]pdtIm«mWv ASn¨ncn¡p¶Xv. JpÀ Bt\mSp _Ôs¸« acymZIÄ AXnsâ BZy`mK¯p sImSp ¯n«pÅXnÂ\n¶p Nne `mK§Ä D²cn¡mw. 1. “ip²ntbmSpIqSnbÃmsX AXns\ sXmSmXncn¡pI. 2. JpÀ B³ ]mcmbWw sN¿phm³ Dt±in¡p¶h³ AXn¶mbn Xsâ hmb hr¯nbm¡pIbpw ankvhm¡v D]tbmKn¡pIbpw sN¿pI. 68
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
3. sNmÆn Ccp¶psImv HmXpIbpw tNÀ¶ncn¡mXncn¡pIbpw sN¿pI. 4. `cWm[nImcnIfpsSbSp¡Â {]thin¡pt¼msg¶ Xpt]mse AgImÀ¶ hkv{Xw [cn¡pI. ImcWw Xsâ c£nXm hpambn kwkmcn¡pIbmWtÃm. 5. Jn_ve¡`napJambncn¡pI. 6. tIm«phmbv CSpIbmsW¦n AXp amdp¶Xphsc Hm¯p \nÀ¯pI. ImcWw AXp ]nimNnsâ ]¡Â \n¶pÅXmWv...... 12. apkvl^v DbÀ¶p ip²nbpÅ Øet¯m aSn¯«ntem sh bv¡pI. 13. ]eIbn \n¶pw JpÀB³ Xp¸p\ocpsImp ambv ¡mXncn¡pI. F¶m AXp shÅwsImp IgpIWw. IgpInb shÅw tcmKia\apt±in¨p ]m\w sN¿pItbm BfpIÄ Nhn«m ¯ ip²nbpÅ Øe¯v adbv¡pItbm sN¿Ww...... 15. AXnsâ ]hn{XXbv¡p lm\nIcambhn[w sXcphpIfn sh¨pw hnt\mZ Øe§fn sh¨pw t`mj·mcpsS kZÊpIfn \n¶pw HmXmXn cn¡pI.....” JpÀB³ A¨Sn¨ ISemkns\t¸mepw Bcm[n¡p¶ Cu kz`mhw hn{Klmcm[\bsæn ]ns¶´mWv? B {KÙw Xp¸p \ocpsImp ambn¡cpsX¶pw IgpInb shÅw tcmKia\apt± in¨p ]m\w sN¿Wsa¶pw ]dbp¶Xv, inhenwK¯n A`ntj Iw sNbvX shÅw IpSn¡Wsa¶pw \nÀt±in¡p¶Xpt]mse Xs¶bmWv. C\n AapÉo§Ä¡v JpÀB³ sImSp¡cpsX¶ \nÀt±it¯msS BXp {]kn²oIcn¨Xns\¸än C.sI. lk³ apkenbn ]dbp¶p: “AapÉo§Ä¡v ssIhiam¡m³ FÃm ]mIXbpw km[yX bpw hgnbpw sh¨psImSp¡pIbpw Rm³ apJhpcbn sImSp¡ cpsX¶v D]tZin¨psh¶v ]dbpIbpw sN¿p¶Xp ImWpt¼mÄ \¼qXncnbptSbpw Ipdhtâbpw Ncn{XamWv HmÀ½ hcp¶Xv. IYbnXmWv. Hcp \¼qXncn cmhnse IShn Ipfn¡m\nd§n. Hcp Ipdh³ Hcmasb ]nSn¨v Ipd¨p NheIq«n NpSpIbmWv. Nh eIÄ I¯n NqSp]nSn¨p hcpt¼mÄ Ba ssIIm ]pd¯n«v HmSn¡fbpw. HmSpt¼mÄ ]ns¶bpw ]nSn¨v XobnenSpw. Ipd¨pIqSn NheIq«n Xo I¯n¡pw. ]ns¶bpw NqSp]nSn¡pt¼mÄ Ba \S¡pw. C§s\ \«w Xncnbp¶ Ipdhsâ ASp¡Âsh¨v 69
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
\¼qXncn C§s\ Acpfn. ‘Bta NpSpt¼mÄ aeÀ¯n¨pSWw.’ Ipdh³ CXptI«v Basb ]nSn¨p aeÀ¯nbn«p Xo Iq«n. I¯nbm fp¶ Xobn Xebpw ssIImepIfpw \o«n Ba ]nSbp¶XpI \¼qXncn ssIaeÀ¯n. “At¿m! ssZhta Rm³ thZtamXnb XmtW” F¶p ]dªp. Basb sImÃm³ hgnIm«ns¡mSp¯p. AXn\m Nmhp¶ BabpsS ]m]¯n \n¶v Rm³ thZtam XnbXmtW ssZhta F¶p ]dªp XSnX¸m³ {ian¨ \¼qXncn c£s]Sptam? CÃ. F¶Xpt]mse AapÉo§Ä¡p sImSp¡Â IpäamWv, ]m]amWv F¶p hnizkn¡p¶ sI.hn. AhÀ¡v ssI hiam¡m\pw hmbn¡m\pw km[yamIp¶ coXnbnepw ]mIX bnepw FgpXn hgn Xpd¶psh¨v, Rm³ apJhpcbn sImSp¡cp sX¶p]tZin¨n«ps¶p ]dªm B Ipä¯n \n¶p c£ s]Sm³ hymtamln¡etÃ?”6 AapÉo§fpsS ssIbn In«nbmÂ, Ipdhsâ ssIbnse Ba t]msebmIpsa¶p ]dbp¶ apÉymÀ¡v JpÀBt\¸än henb aXn¸pmhpIbnÃ. ImcWw ssZh¯m FgpXs¸«Xpw kzÀ K¯nencn¡p¶ aqe{KÙ¯nsâ ]IÀ¸pamb JpÀB³ AapÉo §Ä hmbn¨m AXnsâ {]m[m\yw F§s\ CÃmXmIpw? aäp aX¡mÀ CÉmwaXs¯¸än ]Tn¡Wsa¦n ]ns¶sb§s\ Ignbpw? GsX¦nepw auehn ]dbp¶Xv {]mamWnIambn AwKo Icn¡tWm? AÃmlp Cd¡nb hnip² {KÙamWv JpÀB³ F ¦n AXp aäpÅhÀ ImWp¶Xn F´mWv `bs¸Sm³? lʳ apkenbmÀ am{XaÃ, ]ÞnX\mb auem\m aÀlqwimenbm ¯nbpw JpÀB³ aäpÅhÀ¡p \ÂIp¶Xns\Xncmbncp¶p. At±lw ]dbp¶p: “hnip² JpÀB³ aäpÅhÀ¡v F¯n¨psImSp¡pI F¶Xn sâ hmen Xq§ns¡mv JpÀBs\ CXc`mjIfn ]cn`mj s¸Sp¯n A\yaXØÀ¡nSbn hnXcWw sN¿phm³ Ad_nI fnepw A\d_nIfnepw ]pXmbn DSseSp¯Xpw \m\m`mK§fn \n¶pw bphm¡sf BIÀjn¨Xpamb apg¡w h¼n¨ \mi§fn s]«XmWv.”7 asämcp aX]ÞnX³ ]dbp¶p: “JpÀB\nsâ H¶nt\bpw 70
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
XÀÖa sN¿m³ Pm Ckà ldmamWv.”8 “JpÀB³ AÃmlp Cd¡nbXv.. B Ad_nbmb JpÀB³ A\y`mjbn XÀÖa ]mSnÃ.”9 C§s\ XÀÖa ]mSnsöp ]dªv bmYmØnI·mÀ _l fw Iq«p¶ps¦nepw D¸XnjvWp¡fmb apÉo§Ä hnhn[ `mjIfn AXp hnhÀ¯\w sNbvXn«pv. Ct¸mÄ XÀÖa ]mSnsöp ]dbp¶Xpt]mse ap¼v JpÀB³ A¨Sn¡p¶Xns\ Xncmbpw ]ecpw kacw sNbvXn«pv. ]Xn\mdmw iXI¯n JpÀB³ BZyw A¨Sn¡p¶Xv tdmanemWv. {]máns\kv {_nIv knsb³knkv (Pragninus Brixiensis) Fs¶mcmfmWv Cu kmlk ¯n\p ]pds¸«Xv. At±lw FÃm FXnÀ¸pIsfbpw AhKWn¨p sImv JpÀB³ A¨Sn¨p. ]t£, AXp hnXcWw sN¿m³ bmYmØnXnIÀ k½Xn¨nÃ. ]n¶oSv 1964þ PÀ½\nbnÂ, lm\n s¡Âam³ (Hanickelman) JpÀB³ PÀ½\nbn A¨Sn¨v hnXc Ww sNbvXp. ]{´mw iXI¯n ¢wKv F¶ Øes¯ B{iam[n]sâ \nÀt±i{]Imcw emän³ `mjbnemWv BZyw JpÀB\nsâ hnhÀ ¯\w DmbXv. 1543þ _mkvsebn³ asämcp hnhÀ¯\hpw DmbXmbn ImWp¶p. XpSÀ¶v PÀ½³, U¨v, {^©v, Cw¥ojv, DÀZp XpS§n ]e `mjIfnepw JpÀB³ hnhÀ¯\§Ä Dm bn. Cw¥ojn Ct¸mÄ \nch[n JpÀB³ hnhÀ¯\§Ä e `yamWv. Ad_n aqet¯mSp IqSnbpw A¡q«¯nepv. CsXms¡ BÀ¡pw hmbn¡mw. F¶ncns¡ aebmf¯n CXp hnhÀ¯\w sN¿p¶Xn NneÀ {]Xntj[n¡p¶sX´n\mWv? Aimkv{Xo bhpw Ime¯n\p tNcm¯hbpamb \nch[n hnhc§Ä JpÀB \n DÅXpsImv, AsXms¡ km[mcW¡mÀ hmbn¨mÀ aX ¯n\v Zqjyw sN¿pw F¶ tXm¶emIWw Cu hntcm[¯n\p ImcWw. GXmbmepw aebmf¯nepw JpÀB\v hnhn[ hnhÀ¯\§Ä Dmbn«pv. AXn kn.F³. Al½Zv auehnbptSXn\mWv XmcXtay\ IqSpX AwKoImcw In«nbn«pÅXv. JpÀBsâ XÀÖa ]pd¯p sImphcm³ tIcfobÀ \nch[n {]bmk§Ä 71
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
t\cn«n«pv. auehn ]dbp¶p: “]cnip² JpÀB³ aebmf¯n hnhÀ¯\w sN¿p¶Xv CjvSs¸Sm¯ bmYmØnXnI ]ÞnX·mcpsS Xpdn¨p t\m«am bncp¶p C{Xbpw Imew ]cn`mj ]pd¯phcmXncn¡m³ ImcWw. GXmv 70þ80 sImÃw ap¼v I®qcv Adbv¡Â sIm«mc¯nse amb³Ip«n Ffb JpÀB³ apgph\pw Ad_n aebmf en]nbn ]cn`mjs¸Sp¯n {]kn²oIcn¨p. DSs\ bmYmØnXnI ]ÞnX kaqlw H¶S¦w AXp _lnjvIcn¡phm³ kapZmb¯n\p I ¸\ sImSp¯p. A§s\ AXp ]cmPbs¸Sp¯n. JpÀB³ ]cn`m js¸Sp¯p¶Xp \njn²amsW¶mbncp¶p AhcpsS [mcW. ]n¶oSv tImgnt¡m«v enätd¨À kanXn AXn\p apXnÀ¶p. DSs\ AXm ]ÞnX·mcpsS Ggp ‘^¯h’(aXhn[n)IÄ! 1936þ JpÀ B³ apgph³ ]cn`mjs¸Sp¯n ]pd¯nd¡phm³ ]tcX\mb apl½Zv A_vZpÄ dlvam³ kmtl_n\v ss\kmw {SÌv (sslZcm _mZv) 25000 cq] A\phZn¨p. B hmÀ¯ AÂþAao³ ]{X¯n h¶p. DSs\ At±l¯nsâ cmjv{Sob {]XntbmKnIÄ \qdp IW ¡n I¼nIfpw I¯pIfpw Ab¨v AXv ZpÀ_es¸Sp¯n¨p.”10 1961þ kn.F³. Al½Zv auehnbpsS JpÀB³ ]cn`mj ]pd¯ph¶p. AXn\ptijamWv tIcf \Zvh¯p apPmlnZnsâ hnhÀ¯\w hcp¶Xv. CXn\p]pdta sI.hn. apl½Zv apÉymcpw Hcp XÀÖa {]kn²oIcn¨p. kp¶nIfpsS hIbmbn ]n¶oSv X^vkodp JpÀB³ F¶ ]pkvXIhpw ]pd¯p h¶p. Sn.sI. A_vZpÃm auehnbmWv AXnsâ hnhÀ¯I³. Cu hnhÀ¯ \§Ä XmcXays¸Sp¯n t\m¡nbm kzÀK¯n \n¶pw AÃm lp Cd¡nbXmsW¶p ]dbp¶ JpÀBs\ AhÀ kz´w Xmev] cya\pkcn¨v F§s\sbms¡ hfs¨mSn¨n«ps¶p ImWmw. H¶pcv DZmlcW§Ä Xmsg tNÀ¡mw. Sn.sI. A_vZpÅm auehnbpsS hnhÀ¯\w: “A§s\ Pn {_n AhcpsS Ip¸mbamdn DuXn. At¸mÄ Xsâ DZc¯n cq]w {]m]n¨ KÀ`[mcWw AhÀ Adnªp. A§ns\ AhÀ AXns\ KÀ`w [cn¨p. At¸mÄ AhÀ AXpambn (Xsâ _Ôp¡ fn \n¶pw) Zqcamb Hcp Øet¯¡p \o§n.”11 72
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
kn.F³. Al½Zv auehnbpsS hnhÀ¯\w: A§s\ AhÄ B Ip«nsb (Akm[mcW \ne¡p KÀ`w [cn¡pIbpw AXp ad¨pshbv¡phm³ thn) B KÀ`hpwsImv Zqsc Hcp Øe¯pt]mbn Häs¸«p Xmakam¡pIbpw sNbvXp.”12 Cukm \_n (tbip)bpsS P\\t¯¸än ]dbp¶ `mKamWv apIfn sImSp¯Xv. adnb¯nsâ amdnÂ, ae¡v DuXnsb¶v ]d bm³ A_vZpÅm auehn¡v aSnbnÃ. F¶m Al½Zv aue hnbpsS hnhÀ¯\w hmbn¨m asäm¶mWv tXm¶pI. CXp t]mse ckIcamb asämcp `mKw IqSn Xmsg sImSp¡p¶p. A_vZpÅm auehnbpsS XÀÖa: “AÃtbm {]hmNIsc! AÃmlp \n§Ä A\phZn¨Xns\ Xm¦fpsS ]Xv\namcpsS Xr]v Xnsb Imw£n¨v Xm¦sf´n\mWv \njn²am¡p¶Xv? AÃmlp Xm¦Ä¡v s]mdp¡p¶h\pw IcpW sN¿p¶h\pas{X.”13 Al½Zv auehnbpsS XÀÖa: “Hm, \_o \o \nsâ `mcyam cpsS {]oXn B{Kln¨p sImv AÃmlp \n\¡v A\phZn¨pX ¶Xv \osb´n\mWv \njn²am¡n shbv¡p¶Xv? AÃmlp hf sctbsd s]mdp¡p¶h\pw ]caImcpWnI\pamWv. ”14 Cu hmIy§Ä X½n henb hyXymkanÃ. CXnsâ ]n¶n epÅ IY cp auehnamcpw sImSp¡p¶nS¯mWv AZv`pXI camb hyXymkw ImWp¶Xv. cpt]cptSbpw hymJym\§Ä t\m¡pI. A_vZpÅm auehnbpsS hymJym\w: “Xm¦fpsS shÅm«n amcn¿¯p Jo_v¯n¿sb l^vkbpsS `h\¯nÂsh¨v. l ^vk CÃmXncp¶ kµÀ`¯n \_n Ahsc kwtbmKw sN bvXp. AhÀ h¶t¸mÄ shÅm«n Xsâ ho«nepw hncn¸nepapm bXv AhÀ¡p hnjaambnt¯m¶n.”15 Al½Zv auehnbpsS hymJym\w: “\_n (k) AkÀ \a kvImctijw Xsâ `mcyamcpsS XmakØe§Ä kµÀin¡pI ]Xnhmbncp¶p. Hcn¡Â ssk\_m _ohnbpsS apdnbn sN¶ t¸mÄ AhÀ \_n¡v Aev]w tX³ k¡cn¨p. XpSÀ¶pÅ Znhk§fnepw AXp sImSp¯psImncp¶p. Bbnim _ohn, l^vk _ohn F¶nhÀ hfsc kvt\l_Ô¯nembncp¶p. Cu 73
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
tX\nsâ IYbdnªt¸mÄ AhÀ¡Xv cpNn¨nÃ. Cu k¡mcw \nÀ¯phm³ AhÀ ¹m\n«p. \_n ssk\_bpsS apdnhn«v Ch cpsS ASp¡Â hcpt¼mÄ ‘Xm¦fpsS hmbn Ft´m ZpÀKÔ aptÃm’ F¶p ]dbpI þ CXmbncp¶p ¹m³. Hcn¡Â AhÀ \_nsb C§s\ DWÀ¯n. \_n¡v ]cn{`aambn. taen B tX³ Ign¡pIbnsöv l^vk m _ohntbmSv \_n kXyw sNbvXpd¸n¨p ]dªp.”16 HcmÄ tX³ Ign¨ ImcyamWv ]dbp¶Xv. asämcmÄ Hcp sh¸m «nbpambn \S¶ kwtbmK¯nsâ IYbpw hnhcn¡p¶p ! tX³ Ign¡epw kwtbmKw sN¿epw H¶msW¶p thWsa¦n ChÀ ¡p hmZn¡mw! ]t£, l^vkbpsS ho«nemWv kw`hw \S¡p¶ sX¶v A_vZpÅm auehn ]dbpt¼mÄ AXv ssk\_bpsS ho«nÂsh¨mWv kw`hn¨sX¶v Al½Zv auehn ]dbp¶p. CXp t]mse JpÀB³ hnhÀ¯\§fnepw hymJym\§fnepw \nch[n sshcp²y§Ä ImWmw. AhsbÃmw ChnsS D²cn t¡ ImcyanÃ.
FgpXs¸«sX§s\? apl½Zn\v AÃmlp AhXcn¸n¨psImSp¯XmWv JpÀB³ F ¶mWtÃm apÉo§fpsS hnizmkw. GXp hn[¯nemWv Cu ZÀi\§Ä DmbXpw JpÀB³ At±l¯n\p In«nbXpw F¶pÅXns\¸än asämcp A[ymb¯n hniZambn ]dªn «pv. C t¸mÄ \ap¡v AdntbXv Ah F§s\ t{ImUoI cn¡s¸«p F¶mWv. AXmXp kab¯v \_n¡p tXm¶p¶ Bib§Ä Ipdn¨pshbv¡phm³ At±lw Fgp¯pImsc \nban ¨ncp¶p. ]t£, AhÀ FgpXnsh¨Xv C¶t¯Xpt]mse ISem kneÃ. tIcf \Zz¯p apPmlnZn³ {]kn²oIcn¨ JpÀBsâ apJhpcbn \n¶pXs¶ {]kàamb Hcp `mKw D²cn¡mw: “A¡me¯v FgpXphm\pÅ D]IcW§Ä, Cu´¸\bpsS hoXnbpÅ aSÂ, ac¡jWw, tXm¡jWw, I\wIpdª IÃv, FÃv BZnbmb Iw Xpw hkvXp¡fmbncp¶p. At¸mÄ JpÀBâ apgph³ `mKtam GXm\pw `mKtam FgpXnsh¨n«pÅ HcmfpsS ]¡Â tIhew Hcp ]pkvXIaà Dmbncn¡pI. 74
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
AXmXp kab¯p Xcs¸«p In«nb C¯cw Nne hkvXp¡fpsS kaqlambncn¡pw. AXpsImv Ah Hcp XeapX atä Xe hsc {Ias¸Sp¯nshbv¡phm³ {]bmkambncn¡pw....”17 JpÀB³ apgph³ lrZnØam¡nsh¨ncp¶ BfpIfpw A¶p [mcmfambncp¶p. \_nbpw Cu JpÀB³ ]mcmbW¡mcn ]ecpw acn¨t¸mÄ AXv tcJs¸Sp¯nshbvt¡Xv Bhiy ambn. H¶mas¯ Jeo^bmb A_q_¡dnsâ Ime¯v ssk Zv_v \pXm^n¯v F¶bmsf JpÀ B³ tiJcn¡m³ At±lw \nban¨p. apl½Znsâ Bib§Ä FgpXnshbv¡p¶Xn At± ls¯ klmbn¨psImncp¶bmfmWv km_n¯v. At±lw AXp tiJcn¨Xv ap¼p ]dª Iw Xpw hkvXp¡fn \n ¶pw JpÀB³ a\x]mTam¡nsh¨hcn \n¶pamWv. JpÀB³ C¶p ImWp¶ kwhn[m\w Dm¡nbXpw km_n¯mWv. C§ s\ kamlcn¡s¸« JpÀB\v, A_qs_¡À ‘apkvl^v’ F¶p \maIcWw sNbvXp. cp N«¡nSbn GSm¡nshbv¡s¸« {KÙ¯n\mWv ‘apkvl^v’ F¶p ]dbp¶Xv. Cu apkvl^v H¶m as¯ Jeo^bmb A_qs_¡dpw XpSÀ¶v cmw Jeo^ Dadpw kq£n¨pt]m¶p. Dadnsâ acW¯n\ptijw At±l¯n sâ ]p{Xnbpw apl½Znsâ `mcybpamb l^vkm_ohnbmWv AXp kq£n¨Xv. aq¶mw Jen^ Dkvamsâ Imeambt¸mtg¡pw CÉmw aXw ]e cmPy§fnepw hym]n¨p. AhnsSsbms¡ hyXykvX cq]§fnepÅ JpÀB³ BWv sNmÃp¶sX¶p tI«t¸mÄ, AXn s\mcp ]cnlmcw Dm¡Wsa¶v At±lw Xocpam\n¨p. l^vk bpsS I¿nepmbncp¶ apkvl^v hcp¯n tIm¸nsbSp¯p hnhn [ cmPy§fnte¡v Ab¨p. taen JpÀB³ ]mcmbWw \S¯p ¶Xv {]kvXpX apkvl^pIfnse {Iaa\pkcn¨mbncn¡Wsa ¶pw Jeo^m hnfw_cs¸Sp¯n. C§s\bmWv C¶p \nehnep Å JpÀB³ cq]saSp¯Xv. A_qs_¡dnsâ Ime¯v t{ImUoIcn¨v Dkvamsâ `cWk ab¯v ]IÀs¸Sp¯Xpamb JpÀB\n apl½Zv ]dªXp apgph³ DÄs¡mÅn¨n«ptm? At±lw ]dbm¯Xv hÃXpw Bsc¦nepw FgpXnt¨À¯n«ptm? C¡mcy¯n hniZamb 75
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
]T\w \S¶n«nÃ. inbmIÄ, kp¶nIÄ, apPmlnZpIÄ, Al½Zn bmIÄ F¶n§s\ Adnbs¸Sp¶ apÉow hn`mK§fpsS ssIh i¯nepÅ JpÀB\pIfn AhchÀ¡v Bhiyamb NnesX Ãmw Iq«nt¨À¯Xmbn ImWp¶p.18 AÃmlp shfns¸Sp¯ns¡mSp¯ hnhc§fmWv JpÀB\n DÅsX¶pw AXnsâ cN\bn apl½Zn\v ssIsbm¶pansöpw ]dbmdps¦nepw \njv]£ambn AXp hmbn¡p¶ HcmÄ¡v kaÀ°\mb Hcp apl½Zns\bmWv AXnsâ ]n¶n ImWm³ Ignbp¶Xv. ssZhw ]dªXmsW¶pÅ hymtP\ BhiyapÅ sX¶v At±l¯n\ptXm¶nb Imcy§fmWv JpÀB\nepÅXv. ambnIamb ZÀi\§fpw D¶Xm`nemj§fpw t`mKemekXbpw IqSn¡pgª Hcp hyànXz¯nsâ DSambmbncp¶p JpÀBsâ IÀ¯mhv F¶pÅXv AXp hmbn¨m a\ÊnemIpw. At±l ¯nsâ `mcyamÀ hg¡pm¡nbt¸mÄ Ahsc \nebv¡p \ndp ¯m³ t]mepw JpÀB³ hmIy§Ä ‘AhXcn¡pI’bpmbn! DZmlcWanXmWv: “AÃtbm \_ntb ! AhnSs¯ ]Xv\ namtcmSp ]dbpI. \n§Ä sFlnI PohXt¯bpw AXnse BUw_ct¯bpw Dt±in¡p¶psh¦n \n§Ä hcphn³. \n§sf Rm³ kpJn¸n ¡mw. am\yamb hnhmltamN\¯m \n§sf Rm³ tamNn¸n ¡pIbpw sN¿mw.”19 kz´w Z¯p]p{Xsâ `mcysb \_n¡v kz´ am¡Wsa¶p tXm¶nbt¸mÄ AXn\v A\pIqeamb JpÀB³ hn[nbpmbn: “X§fpsS Z¯p]p{X·mcpsS `mcyamsc hnhmlw sN¿p¶Xn þ B Z¯p ]p{X·mÀ AhcpsS `mcyamscsImp Å Bhiyw ]qÀWam¡n¡gnªm kXyhnizmknIfpsS a\ Ên\p hnjaapmImXncn¡m\mWXv. AÃmlphnsâ Iev]\ \S¸n hcp¯pI Xs¶ sNt¿nbncn¡p¶p.”20 C§s\ kz´w Bhiy§Ä¡pthn Bb¯pIÄ \nÀ½n ¡pI am{Xaà At±lw sNbvXXv. kplr¯p¡fptSbpw kl{] hÀ¯IcptSbpw \nÀt±i§Ä t]mepw At±lw JpÀB³ B ¡nbn«pv. Jen^m DaÀXs¶bmWv AXn\pw km£n. “DaÀ (d) \n¶p \nthZ\w: At±lw ]dbp¶p: aq¶p hnjb 76
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
§fn AÃmlphnsâ Iev]\Ifpw Fsâ A`n{]mb§fpw tbm Pn¨ph¶p. (1) ssZhZqXsc! aImap C{_mlnans\ \mw \akvImc Øeam¡n shs¨¦n \¶mbncp¶psh¶v Hcn¡Â Xncpta\n sb DWÀ¯n. At¸mgmWv “aImap C{_mlnans\ \n§Ä \a kvImcØeam¡n shbv¡pI” F¶ Iev]\ DmbXv. (2) ]À± bpsS Bb¯v. ssZhZqXsc! A§bpsS ]Xv\namtcmSv Cu ZrjvSn bn \n¶v adªncn¡m³ A§p¶p Iev]ns¨¦n \¶mbncp ¶p. ImcWw AhtcmSv C¶v ZpjvS\pw injvS\psaÃmw kwkm F¶mWv ]dbp¶Xv. C§s\ \kvJv sN¿s¸«Xv JpÀB\n ]eXpapv. ‘tIcf \Zz¯p apPmlnZn³’ {]kn²oIcn¨ JpÀ Bsâ apJhpcbn Xs¶ CXwKoIcn¡p¶pv: “`À¯mhp acWs¸« `mcy Hcp sImÃw ‘C±’ BNcn¡Wsa ¶pÅ (AÂ_Jvd 240þse) \nbaw, AhÄ \mep amkhpw ]¯p Znhkhpw ‘C±’ BNcn¡pIsb¶ (AÂ_Jvd 234þse) \nbaw sImv \kvJv sNbvXncn¡pIbmWv. ss_¯p apJ±kv ‘Jn _ve’bmbncp¶Xn¶p tijw I Av_sb Jn_vebm¡nbXpw \kvJn s]«XmWv. bp²¯n AhnizmknIfmb ]¯p t] tcmSv HcmÄ £an¨p \n¶m aXnbmIpsa¶v A³^m 65þ66þ \nban¨Xpw AXnÂs]«XmWv. Cu HSphn ImWn¨ DZmlcW ¯n H¶mas¯ hn[n amän AXn\p ]Icambn«mWv cmas¯ hn[n Dmbn«pÅsX¶v JpÀBsâ {]kvXmh\ sImpXs¶ hyàamIp¶pv.”22 C§s\ Nne JpÀB³ hN\§Ä ZpÀ_es¸Sp¯nbXp t]mse ]eXpw \jvSs¸«p t]mbn«pv. Ct¸mÄ Fgp]¯naq¶p hN\§fmWv A A^vkm_n (33þmw A²ymbw) DÅXv. F ¶m CXp ap¼v cma[ymbamb AÂJ_vdtbmfw Dmbncp ¶psh¶v NneÀ A`n{]mbs¸Sp¶p. AXp icnbmsW¦n B A[ymb¯n 213 hmIy§Ä \jvSs¸«pt]mbn F¶p a\Ên em¡mw. AXn hy`nNmc¡pä¯n\v Fdnªp sImÃm³ hn[n ¡p¶ hN\hpw DÄs¸«ncp¶pht{X. AXn 73 hN\w Hgn¨v AÃmlp FSp¯p F¶pw BSp Xn¶pt]msb¶pw ]dbs¸Sp ¶pv. 77
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
kzÀK¯n FgpXnsh¨n«pÅ aqe{KÙ¯n \n¶v `qanbn sImph¶XmsW¶pw aäpapÅ AhImihmZ§fn Igs¼m ¶pansöv \½Ä Ip. C\nbpw Cu {KÙ¯nsâ cq]inÂ] s¯¸änbmWv a\Ênemt¡Xv. henb A£c§fn Ad_n bpw aebmfhpw tNÀ¯v ASn¨ncn¡p¶ JpÀB³ Im CsXm cp _rlZv {KÙamsW¶p tXm¶pw. ]t£, Hcp `mjbn km[m cW en]nbn ASn¨m CXn\v ]pXnb \nba ss__nfnsâ hen¸ta hcnIbpÅq. Ct¸mgs¯ JpÀB\n sNdpXpw hepXpambn 114 kqd¯p IÄ (A[ymb§Ä) Dv. ]e IjW§fmbn ]et¸mgpw tcJ s¸Sp¯nsh¨ncp¶ Cu {KÙw C§s\ thÀXncn¨Xpw FUnäp sNbvX Xpw sskZv_v \pkm_o¯v BsW¶mWv ]mc¼cyw. GXp am\ZÞa\pkcn¨mWv km_o¯v C¶s¯ cq]w AXn\p \ÂInbsX¶pÅXn\p sXfnhnÃ. AÂ]m¯nl F¶XmWv BZys¯ A[ymbw. AXn Ggv Bb¯pIÄ (hmIy§Ä) Dv. CXv Hcp {]mcw` {]mÀ°\bmWv. A©p t\cs¯ \akvIm c§fn CXv BhÀ¯n¨p sNmÃp¶p. CXnt\¯pSÀ¶pÅ 113 A²ymb§Ä ASp¡nbncn¡p¶Xn\v ImeKW\tbm hnjb km[À½ytam t\m¡nbn«nÃ. Gähpw hepXv BZyhpw {ItaW sNdnb sNdnb A[ymb§fpw F¶ Hä {Iata CXn ImWm \pÅq. a¡¯psh¨v FgpXnb kqdIÄ ‘a¡n’ F¶pw aZo\¯p sN¶ Xn\ptijw FgpXnbXv ‘aZv\n’ F¶pamWv Adnbs¸Sp¶Xv. Ct¸mgs¯ JpÀB\n a¡n kqd¯pIfpw aZ\n kqd¯pIfpw CSIeÀ¶v ImWs¸Sp¶p. Cu kqd¯pIsf dwkm³ amk ¯nse hmb\ kuIcyw IW¡m¡n ap¸Xp PqkpIfmbpw (`mK §Ä) JpÀB³ Xncn¡s¸«ncn¡p¶p. JpÀB\nse Gähpw henb A[ymbw AÂ_JdbmWv. AXn 286 Bb¯pIfpv. AtX kabw Ahkm\ `mK¯pÅ sNdnb kqd¯pIfn Nne Xv aq¶v Bb¯pIÄ am{Xw DÄs¡mÅp¶hbmWv. Bb¯p IfpsS hen¸¯nepapv CXpt]mepÅ hyXymk§Ä. Nne Bb¯pIÄ¡v Hcp t]Pv hen¸w hcpw. F¶m Nne Bb¯p IÄ¡v Ht¶m ctm ]Z§tfbpÅq. 78
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
kqd¯pIÄs¡Ãmw XehmNIapv. FgpXs¸«Xv a¡¯p sh¨mtWm aZo\¯psh¨mtWm F¶ hnhchpw tNÀ¯ncn¡p ¶p. ]t£, A[ymb¯nsâ Xes¡«pw DÅS¡hpw X½n _ÔanÃ. DZmlcW¯n\v cmw kqd¯v ‘_Jd’ (]ip) FSp ¡pI. B kqd¯n BsIbpÅ 286 hN\§fn ]iphns\¸än Ggp hN\§fn am{Xta ]cmaÀin¡p¶pÅq. _m¡nbpÅh aäp Imcy§fmWv. I]S hnizmknIfpsS kz`mh§Ä, temIc £nXmhnt\mSv a\pjy\pÅ IS¸mSv, a\pjysâ kÀtÆm¶X ]Zhn, C{kmCueyÀ¡p AÃmlphnt\mSpÅ IS¸mSv, C{kmCu eyÀ¡p sNbvX A\p{Kl§Ä, C{kmCueyÀ XymKk¶²cm bnÃ, C{kmCueycpsS lrZbImTn\yw, C{kmCueyÀ {]XnÚ ewLn¨p. C{kmCuey·mcpsS aäp [n¡mc§Ä, Nnet¸mÄ AhÀ ¡v ae¡pItfmSpw sshcw, ]qÀÆthZ§fn amä§Ä hcp¯nb sX´n\v. thZ¡mcpsS Akqbbpw Alw`mhhpw, C{_mlow \_n bpsS ]co£Whpw At±l¯n\p \ÂInb AXyp¶X ]Zhnbpw C{_mloansâ BZÀiw Jn_ve amänbsX´n\v? I Av _sb kwkvImctI{µam¡nbXv al¯msbmcp\p{Klw, ]ptcmKa\ amÀK¯n h¼n¨ XymK§Ä hcnt¡nhcpw, {]] ©¯nsâ B[n]Xyw AÃmlphnsâ I¿n am{Xw, ip²amb Blmc]ZmÀY§Ä \njn²am¡nshbv¡cpXv, aX¯nsâ e£y sa´v? {hXm\pjvTm\hn[nIÄ, aXkzmX{´y¯n\pthnbpÅ bp²w, lÖnse BNmchn[nIÄ, Xo{h]co£W§Ä¡v k¶ ²cmhpI, Nne {]iv\§fpw \nÀt±i§fpw, sshhmlnI PohnX ¯nse apdIÄ, hnhmltamN\{Iaw, ]p\Àhnhmlw, hnhmlap àcmb kv{XoIÄ¡pÅ AhImim\pIqey§Ä, acW`bapÅ P\X Pohn¡pIbnÃ, XymK]co£Whpw t\«§fpw, _ew {]tbmKn¨p aXw {]Ncn¸n¡m³ ]mSnÃ, kXyta hnPbn¡pI bpÅq. Zm\[À½apdIÄ, Zm\w sN¿p¶Xv sImÅcpXm¯ hkv Xp¡fm¡cpXv, ]eni\ntcm[\ {]Jym]\w, Icmdm[mc hyhØ IÄ, apÉowIfpsS hnizmk{]amWw F¶n{Xbpw D]Xes¡«p ItfmSp IqSnbmWv B A[ymbw {]kn²oIcn¨ncn¡p¶Xv. ]ip F¶ s]mXp XehmNIw Cu kqd¯n\p tNcpIbnsöv hyà amWtÃm. CXpt]msebmWv aäp ]e kqd¯pIfpsSbpw IY. 79
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
57þmw kqd¯nsâ Xes¡«v ‘AÂlZoZv’ (Ccp¼v) F¶mWv. aZo\¯p shs¨gpXs¸« Cu kqd¯n 29 Bb¯pIÄ Dv. AXnsâ 25þmw Bb¯n Ccp¼ns\¸än ]dbp¶ H¶pcp hmNI§fpv. _m¡n apgph\pw aäp Imcy§fmWv. CXc A[ym b§fpsS Imcyhpw GXmv CXpt]mseXs¶bmWv. References: 1. JpÀ B³ (kn.F³. Al½Zv auehnbpsS XÀÖa) 26: 192þ196
Ibid., 25:6 Ibid., 56:78, 43:4 Ibid., 43:3 A_vZpà auehn, Sn.sI, X^vkodp JpÀ B³ (aebmf ]cn`m jbpw hymJym\hpw), ]c¸\§mSn (1981), pp 18þ19. 6. lk³ apkenbmÀ, C.sI., XlvZodp CJvhm³ an³ XÀPaXn JpÀB³, tImgnt¡mSv (1982) t]Pv 63þ64. 7. imenbm¯n, auem\m aÀlpw, ‘JpÀ B³ XÀÖa e£y¯nsâ shfn¨¯nÂ’ F¶ {KÙ¯n D²cn¨n«pÅXv. t]Pv 51. 8. XÀPaXn JpÀB³, p. 85 9. Ibid, p. 86 10. Al½Zp auehn, kn.F³, ]cnip² JpÀB³, apJhpc, tIm«bw (1973) p.19þ20 11. X^vkodp JpÀB³ 19:22 13. X^vkodp JpÀB³ 66:1 14. Al½Zv auehnbpsS XÀÖa 66:1 15. X^vkodp JpÀB³ 66:1 16. Al½Zv auehnbpsS XÀÖa 66:1þsâ ^pSvt\m«v t]Pv 1948 17. hnip² JpÀB³, apJhpc, t]Pv 12 18. AÂa\mÀ amknI, 1980 G{]n 19. JpÀB³ 33 : 28 20. JpÀB³ 33 : 37 21. klolpÂ_pJmcn lZokv, 255 22. X^vkodp JpÀB³, 22 : 52 23. hnip² JpÀB³, apJhpc t]Pv 949 24. klolp _pJmcn, lZokv, 2169 2. 3. 4. 5.
80
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
6 lZokpIÄ JpÀB³ t]mseXs¶ apÉo§Ä {][m\ambn IcpXp¶ aX {]amW§fmWv ‘lZokpIÄ.’ a\pjysâ ]ptcmKXnsb e£yw sh¨psImv AÃmlp Ab¨ ktµi§fmWv JpÀB³ F¶pw, B kn²m´§fpw D]tZi§fpw PohnX¯n ImWn¨psImSp ¯bmfmWv apl½Zv \_nsb¶pamWv apÉo§Ä hnizkn¡p ¶Xv. JpÀB\nÂXs¶ AXn§s\ hnhcn¨ncn¡p¶p: “\n§Ä¡v, AXmbXv AÃmlphnt\bpw A´yZn\t¯bpw B{Kln¡pIbpw AÃmlphns\ IqSpXembn kvacn¡pIbpw sN ¿p¶hÀ¡v, ssZhZqX\n (apl½Zv \_nbnÂ) Hcp¯a PohnX amXrIbpv.”1 apl½Znsâ PohnXamXrI ]n´pScm³ A\pbmbnIÄ {i²n ¨ncp¶p. JpÀB\v ]pdta, apl½Zv ]dbp¶Xpw sN¿p¶Xpamb Imcy§Ä A\pkcn¡phm\pw A\pIcn¡phm\pw AhÀ Xbm dmbn. Nnet¸mÄ ‘lZokv’ F¶pw Nnet¸mÄ ‘kp¶¯v’ F¶pw t]À ]dbp¶Xv Cu PohnXamXrIbv¡v Xs¶bmWv.2 F¶v kn. F³. Al½Zv auehn ]dbp¶p. klolpapÉow F¶ lZokv {KÙ¯nsâ BapJambn sI. Aehn auehn lZokpIÄ¡p \ÂIp¶ \nÀÆN\w, “JpÀB\nsâ XXz§fpw \nÀt±i§fpw a\Êm, hmNm, IÀ½Wm A\pkcn¨psImv apl½Zp\_n (k) Xncpta\n ImWn¨pX¶ amXrImPohnXamWv lZokv”3 F¶mWv. AXv JpÀB\nsâ B[nImcnI hymJym\hpw AXpÄs¡mÅp¶ XXz§fpsS {]mtbmKnI cq]hpw amXrIbpamsW¶pw At±lw XpSÀ¶p ]dbp¶p.4 “AÃmlphpw Ahsâ {]hmNI\pw Hcp Imcyw Xocpam\n¨p 81
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
Ignªm apÉoamb bmsXmcp ]pcpj\pw kv{Xo¡pw B Imcy ¯n kzm`n{]mbw kzoIcn¡phm³ AhImianÃ5 F¶v apl½Zv Dd¸n¨pXs¶ ]dªn«pv. AXpsImv apl½Zp ]dªXpw sNbvXXpw Fs´ms¡bmsW¶dnbphm³ BfpIÄ IqSpX Xev]ccmbn. AXn\pÅ amÀKsa´mWv? At±lhpambn ASp¯p _ÔapÅhcn \n¶v AXp tI«dnbpI, Ignbp¶ L«§fn At±l¯nsâ {]hÀ¯\§Ä a\Ênem¡pI CsXms¡bmWv AhÀ kzoIcn¨ hgnIÄ. apl½Zv henb Imcy§fn am{XaÃ, \nXyPohnX¯nse km[mcW {]iv\§fnÂt]mepw CSs]Sp hm\pw Ahbnsems¡ Nn«IÄ GÀs¸Sp¯phm\pw {ian¨ncp¶p. F§s\ hkv{Xw [cn¡Ww, Hcp ho«n sNÃpt¼mÄ F§s\ s]cpamdWw, F§s\ \S¡Ww, F´p `£Ww Ign¡Ww, tcmKw h¶m F´p sN¿Ww, ssewKnI _Ôw F§s\ \S ¯Ww F¶p XpS§n a\pjyPohnX¯nsâ FÃm Awi§fnepw At±lw CSs]«p. At±lw CSs]« C¯cw Imcy§sf kw_ Ôn¨v apl½Zv ]dªXpw sNbvXXpamb Imcy§fmWv lZokpI fnepÅXv. Nne injy·mÀ At±l¯nsâ Ime¯p Xs¶ Ah FgpXnshbv¡m³ XpS§n. aäpNneÀ HmÀ½bn AXp kq£n¨p sh¨p. apl½Zpambn ASp¯nS]gInbhÀ (klm_nIÄ F¶m Wv ChÀ Adnbs¸Sp¶Xv) lZokp ]dbp¶Xn {]mamWnI cmbn KWn¡s¸«ncp¶p. Ahcn \n¶pw AhcpsS a¡fpw A\p bmbnIfpw AXp ]Tn¨p. A§s\ XeapdIfneqsS CXv \ne\n ¶p. C¯cw lZokpIsf BZyw tiJcn¡phm³ t{]cW \ÂIn bXv Aahn¿m `cWIÀ¯m¡fn {]apJ\mb Dadp_v\p A_v ZpÄ Akokp (lnPvd 61þ101) BWv. At±l¯nsâ t{]mÕml \w Cu cwKs¯mcp thentbäw Xs¶bpm¡n. \nch[nbmfp IÄ lZokv tiJcW¯n hym]rXcmbn. A§s\ tiJcn¡ s¸« lZokpIÄ icnbmb coXnbn kwhn[m\w sNbvXv Nne ]ÞnX·mÀ Xbmdm¡n. \nch[n {KÙ§Ä C§s\bpmbn «pv. AXn {][m\s¸« Bsd®w (knlm lpÊn¯) F¶v Adnbs¸Sp¶p. Ah Xmsg ]dbp¶hbmWv. 82
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
1. klolp _pJmcn (194þ256) 2. klolp apÉnw (204þ261) 3. A_qZmhqZv (202þ275) 4. XpÀapZn (þ 267) 5. \kmC (215þ303) 6. Xp_v\pamP (207þ273) Cu lZokpIfn Gähpw {][m\s¸«Xv klolp _pJm cnbpw klolp apÉoapw BWv. CXn klolp _pJmcn kn.F³. Al½Zv auehnbpw sI. Aehn auehnbpw aebmf ¯nte¡v hnhÀ¯\w sNbvXn«pv. ‘klolp apÉow’ XÀÖa bpw h¶p Ignªp. Aehn auehnbptSXmWXv. aäp lZokp {KÙ§Ä Cw¥ojnepw e`yamWv.
klolp _pJmcn Xmjv¡ân\Sp¯pÅ _pJmd F¶ Øe¯mWv lnPvd 194þ Camw _pJmcn P\n¨Xv. Atd_ybn \n¶v hfscbIsebpÅ Hcp {]tZi¯v, CÉmwaXw DZv`hn¨v 200 sImçġp tijamWv P\n¨sX¦n _mKvZmZv, _kvd, Iq^, a¡, aZo\, kndnb, CuPn ]vXv XpS§nb tZi§fn t]mbn AhnS§fn \nehnencp¶ ]mc¼cy§Ä At±lhpw tiJcn¨p. C§s\ 16 hÀjs¯ {ia ^eambn«mWv ‘klolp _pJmcn’ At±lw Xbmdm¡nbXv. apÉow temI¯nsâsbÃmw {i² B {KÙw ]nSn¨p ]äpIbpw sNbvXp. JpÀB³ Ignªm apÉo§Ä _lpam\n¡p¶ Hcp {KÙamWv klolp _pJmcn.
klolp apÉow Camw _pJmcntbt¸mseXs¶ {]kn²\mb Hcp lZokvImc \mWv Camw apÉow. ss\km_qcnse Hcp Ad_n IpSpw_¯n P\n¨ At±lhpw lZokpIÄ tiJcn¡m³ hfsctbsd k© cn¨p. lnPvd 204þ261 Bbncp¶p At±l¯nsâ Imew. aq¶p e£w lZokpIÄ ]cntim[n¨n«v icnbmbsX¶v tXm¶nb lZo kpIÄ am{Xta At±lw kzoIcn¨pÅp. AXpXs¶ \membncw hcpw. 83
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
hymP lZokpIÄ Jen^v Dkvamsâ h[¯n\ptijw apÉow temI¯n A[nImc hSwhenIfpw sIme]mXI§fpw kÀÆkm[mcWambn. Hmtcm I£nbpw kz´w Bhiy¯n\pthn JpÀB³ hN\§fpw lZokpIfpw kzbw \nÀ½n¨ncp¶s{X. klolp apÉow aebmf ]cn`mjbpsS apJhpcbn sI. Aehn auehn ]dbp¶p: “ssZh`ànbpw aXt_m[hpw Ipdª NneÀ JpÀB³ hmIy §sf ZpÀhymJym\w sN¿phm\pw lZokpIÄ kzbw \nÀ½n¡p hm\pw XpS§n. CXc I£nIfn \n¶pw `ànbpw hnizmkhpw IpdªhÀ CtX cq]¯n JpÀB³ hmIy§sf ZpÀhymJym\w sNbvXpsImpw lZokpIÄ kzbw \nÀ½n¨psImpw AXns\ t\cnSm\pw XpS§n.”6 “Hmtcmcp¯cpw AhchcpsS B{Kl§f\pkcn¨v lZokp Ifpm¡pIbpw F¶n«v ‘Jmedm kqeÃmln’ F¶p tNÀ¯p sImv Cd¡paXn sNbvXpsImncn¡pIbpw sNbvXp. F´n \[nIw ]dbp¶p hgpXn\§m, acWw Hgn¨pÅ FÃm tcmK§Ä ¡pw kn²uj[amWv Jme dkqeÃmln, kpdpa D]tbmKn¨h sâ I®v kzÀK¯n {]thin¡pw Jme dkqeÃmln F¶n§ s\ hgpXn\§¡¨hS¡mc\pw kpdpa¡¨hS¡mc\pw AhcpsS Nc¡p hnägn¡phm\mbn lZokv kzbw \nÀ½n¡pIbpw F¶n«v JmedkqeÃmln F¶p Iq«nt¨À¯v \_n (k) AcpfnbXm sW¶v hcp¯n¯oÀ¡pIbpw sNbvXp. X¶nan¯w lZokv sX äpw icnbpw thÀXncn¨v a\Ênem¡m³ Ignbm¯hn[w k½n {iambncn¡p¶p.”7 C§s\ k½n{iamb lZokpIfn \n¶v icnbmb lZokp IÄ XncsªSp¡p¶Xn\pthn ‘Dkpep lZokv’ F¶ t] cn Hcp XncsªSp¡Â k{¼Zmbw Xs¶bpm¡n. AXnsâ ASnØm\¯nÂ, Camw _pJmcn tiJcn¨ Bdp e£w lZokp Ifn A©pe£¯n sXm®qänbmdmbncw XÅn¡fªp. Camw apÉoapw Cu kn²m´{]Imcw Ht«sd lZokpIÄ XÅn¡fªn «pv. AXn\ptijw AhÀ kzoIcn¨ lZokpIÄ C¶p apÉow temIw s]mXpsh AwKoIcn¡p¶p. lZokpIÄ hmbn¨m 84
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
am{Xta CÉmwaXs¯ a\Ênem¡phm³ IgnbpIbpÅq.
hn[nhnizmkw aäp ]e aX§tfbpw t]mse hn[nbn CÉmwaXhpw hnizkn ¡p¶p. Hmtcm hyànbpw F´mbn¯ocWsa¶p ssZhw ap³Iq«n \nÝbn«ps¶mWv ChcpsS A`n{]mbw. Nne lZokv hN\ §Ä t\m¡pI: “A_vZpÃm ln_v\p DaÀ kXyw sNbvXp ]dbp¶Xv.... HcmÄ ¡v DlvZvaetbmfw kzÀWapmIpIbpw A\´cw Ah³ AXp [À½w sN¿pIbmsW¦nepw hn[nbn hnizkn¡p¶Xphsc AÃmlp Ah\nÂ\n¶pw AXp kzoIcn¡pIbnÃ.”8 C{Xbpw ]dªXv C_v\p DaÀ BWv. C\n ‘ssZhZqX³’ ]d bp¶Xp {i²n¡pI: “\n§fn Hmtcmcp¯cptSbpw krjvSn¸n ¶pÅ Hcp¡§Ä X§fpsS amXmhnsâ KÀ`mib¯nÂsh¨v 40 ZnhkwsImmWv \S¡p¶Xv. ]n¶oSp asämcp 40 Znhk¯n \pÅn AXp tNmc¡«bmbn amdp¶p. A\´cw thsdmcp 40 Znhk¯n\pÅn AXp amwk]nÞambn amdp¶p. ]n¶oSp \mep Iev]\IÄ \ÂIns¡mv AÃmlp Hcp ae¡ns\ Abbv¡p¶p. Ahsâ {]hÀ¯\§Ä, Ahsâ Blmcw, Ahsâ BbpÊv, Ah³ hnPbntbm ]cmPnXt\m F¶ Imcyw CsXÃmw FgpXn shbv¡m³ AÃmlp B ae¡nt\mSp Iev]n¡pw. F¶n«v B a\pjy\n Poh³ DuXpw. ]n¶oSv Cu Fgp¯\pkcn¨mWv B a\pjy³ {]hÀ¯n¡pI.”9 CXnsâ Bcw`Ime¯v KÀ`s¯¸än ]dbp¶Xv, KÀ`Ø iniphnsâ hfÀ¨tb¸än Hcp hnhchpanÃm¯bmfmWv. krjvSn ¸n\pÅ Hcp¡w \mev]Xp ZnhkwsImp \S¡p¶p F¶p ]dbp ¶Xn\v F´À°amWpÅXv! kv{Xo]pcpj_Ô¯nsâ ^eambn ]pcpj_oPhpw kv{XobpsS AÞhpw tNÀ¶mWv KÀ`w DmIp ¶Xv. 120 ZnhkamIpt¼mÄ ae¡p sN¶v Ahsâ hn[n FgpXn shbv¡pas{X. AXn\p ap¼pXs¶ Ip«n kmam\y hfÀ¨sb¯n bncn¡pw. Cu kab¯v ae¡p h¶v kv{XobpsS hbän¡bdn Ip«nbpsS Xebn FgpXpwt]mepw. apl½Znepw JpÀB\nepw hnizkn¡m¯ ‘kXy\ntj[n’ 85
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
IÄ¡p ITn\amb in£ acWm\´cw e`n¡psa¶v At±lw BhÀ¯n¨p ]dªn«pv. ]t£, NneÀ A§s\ Ahsb \ntj [n¡m³ ImcWhpw AÃmlp Xs¶bmWs{X. “\nsâ hm¡pIÄ {i²n¨ptIÄ¡p¶ Nnecpw Ahcn¯ s¶bpv. ]t£, AXp {Kln¡mXncn¡¯¡h®w AhcpsS lrZb§Ä¡v \mw Nne aqSnIfnSpIbpw AhcpsS sNhnIÄ¡v _m[ncyw Dm¡pIbpw sNbvXncn¡p¶p. AXpsImv kXyw {Kln¡p¶Xn\p a\pjyÀ¡p e`n¡mhp¶ FÃm ZrjvSm´§fpw IpIgnªmÂt¸mepw Ahbnsem¶pw AhÀ hnizkn¡pI bnÃ.”10 AÃmlpXs¶ a\pjy³ F§s\ s]cpamdWsa¶p \nÝbn ¡p¶p. AX\pkcn¨v {]hÀ¯n¡p¶hsc \nXy\cI¯nenSp Ibpw sN¿p¶p! F´p {IqcX!
kqcysâ kpPqZv
“Hcn¡Â kqcy\kvXan¨t¸mÄ Xncpta\n (k) Ft¶mSp tNmZn ¨p. “kqcy\nt¸mÄ Ft§m«mWp t]mbsX¶p \n§Ä¡dnbm tam?” Rm³ ]dªp: “AÃmlphn\pw Ahsâ ZqX\pw am{Xta AXns\¡pdn¨dnhpÅq.” Xncpta\n Acpfn: ssZh¯nsâ knwlm k\¯nsâ Xmg¯psN¶p kpPqZv sN¿m³ t]mbncn¡pIbm WXv. AhnsSsb¯n kpPqZv sNbvXpIgnªm cmaXpw DZ bw sN¿m³ AÃmlphnt\mSv AXv A\phmZw tNmZn¡pw. A t¸mÄ AXn¶\phmZw e`n¡pw....”11 kqcy\pZn¡p¶Xpw AkvXan¡p¶Xpw F§s\bmsW¶v \_n¡pw AÃmlphn\pw hnhcanÃmXncp¶p F¶p am{XamWv CXnsâbÀ°w.
{]iv\¡mÀ tPmÕy·mÀ, {]iv\¡mÀ, a{´hmZnIÄ XpS§nbhsc¸än lZo kpIfn ]dªn«pv. AXn NneXv XmsgsImSp¡mw. “Xncpta\n (k)bpsS ]Xv\n Bbnim (d)bn \n¶pw \nth Z\w: Xncpta\n(k) Hcn¡Â C§s\ HmXp¶Xv AhÀ tI«p; ae¡pIÄ taL¯nemWv Cd§pI. At¶cw BImi¯p \S ¶phcp¶ Imcy§tf¡pdn¨v AhÀ kwkmcn¨psImncn¡pw. 86
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
At¶cw ]nimNp¡Ä AXp tIÄ¡pw. F¶n«v {]iv\w sh¡p ¶hÀ¡v B hmÀ¯ clkyambn B ]nimNp¡Ä Adnbn¨psIm Sp¡pw. {]iv\¡mÀ B hmÀ¯tbmsSm¸w \qdp IÅw I¿n \n¶p Iq«nt¨À¡pw.”12 Cu ae¡pIÄ bmsXmcp AS¡hpsamXp¡hpanÃm¯hcm tWm? ]nimNp¡Ä tIÄ¡psa¶dnbmsa¦n ]ns¶sb´psIm hÀ kwkmcn¡p¶p? tdma³N{IhÀ¯nbmb lnÀ¡Â (slcm¢näkv) apl½Znsâ kaImeo\\mbncp¶p. At±l¯n\v apl½Zv Hcp Is¯gpXpI bpmbn. AXp In«nbt¸mÄ tdma³ N{IhÀ¯n tPmÕy]cn tim[\bn km£m \_n AhXcn¨p F¶v ]dªXmbn Hcp lZokn ]dbp¶pv.13 ]t£, Cu IY icnbmsW¶pÅ Xn\v sXfnshm¶panÃ. \½psS \m«n ssItcJ t\m¡p¶hcpw apJw t\m¡n e£ Ww ]dbp¶hcpsams¡bpv. CsXms¡ shdpw X«n¸pIfmsW ¶v \ap¡v Adnbmw. \_nbpsS Ime¯v ]mZw t\m¡n e£Ww ]dbp¶hÀ Dmbncp¶p. Ahcn HcmÄ \_nsb I hnhcw: “Bbnim (d)bn \n¶p \nthZ\w, Hcp ]mZtcJm imkv{X Ú³ Fsâ ASp¡Â IS¶ph¶p. At¶cw Xncpta\n(k)bpw AhnsSbpmbncp¶p. Dkma¯n_v\p sskZpw(d) sskZv_v\p lmcok(d)bpw InS¡pIbmbncp¶p. At¶cw ]mZtcJmhnZ Kv[³ ]dªp: ‘Cu ]mZ§Ä¡v cà_Ôapv.’ CXptI«v Xncp ta\n hfsctbsd kt´mjn¨p. ]mZw t\m¡n e£Ww ]dbp¶ hnÍn¯s¯ ssZhZqX³ AwKoIcn¨p F¶mWv CXn\À°w. AXpt]mse iIp\ t\m« ¯nepw At±l¯n\p hnizmkw Dmbncp¶p. DaÀ ]dbp¶p: “IpXnc, kv{Xo, hoSv Ch aq¶nepamWv ZpÈIp\sa¶v Xncpta\n Acpfp¶Xv Rm³ tI«n«pv.”
AZv`pX{]hÀ¯I³ aäp aXØm]I·msct¸mse AZv`pX§fpw sN¸SnhnZyIfpw ImWn¡m³ apl½Zv X¿mdmbn«nsöv s]mXpsh ]dbmdpv. JpÀB³ hmbn¡pt¼mÄ A¯cw Hcp tXm¶emWv DmhpI. 87
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
sa¡bnse BfpIÄ At±ls¯¸än \S¯nb Hcp hnaÀi\an XmWv: (aäp Nnet¸mÄ) AhÀ ]dbp¶p: “Cu ssZhZqXsâ ØnXn F´mWn§s\? CbmÄ `£Ww Ign¡p¶p. A§mSnIfn k©cn¡p¶p. Ct±lt¯msSm¸w \n¶ a\pjysc Xm¡oXp sN¿phm³ F´psImv Hcp ae¡ns\ AÃmlp Ab¨psImSp ¯nÃ? Asæn Ct±l¯nsâbSp¡te¡v Hcp \n[n F´p sImv (AÃmlp) C«psImSp¯nÃ? Asæn Ct±l¯n\p `£n¡phm³ Hcp tXm«w F´psImpmbnÃ?”15 C¯cw tNmZy§tfbpw hnaÀi\§tfbpw XÅn¡fbpIbpw Xm³ Hcp a\pjy³ am{XamsW¶pw X\n¡v Znhyiànsbm¶p ansöpw ]dbpIbpw sNbvXbmfmWv apl½Zv.16 ]t£, lZokpIfn Nn{XoIcn¡p¶ apl½Zv Hcp AZv`pX {]hÀ¯I\mWv. Hcp DZmlcWw Xmsg sImSp¡mw: “l{k¯v kn±o¡n(d)sâ aI³ A_vZpÀ dlvam³ (d) \nthZ \w sN¿p¶p. ]ÅnbpsS apJaÞ]¯n Xmankn¨ncp¶hÀ (AlvepÊv^v^) ]ca Zcn{Zcmbncp¶p. (aäpÅhcpsS HuZmcy§ sf B{ibn¨mWv AhÀ Pohn¨ncp¶Xv) X¶nan¯w Xncpta\n Acpfn: “hÃhcptSbpw ASp¡Â cmÄ¡v Blmcaps¦n (Cu AKXnIfnÂ) Hcmsf sImpt]mIs«. hÃhcptSbpw ASp ¡Â \mep t]À¡v Blmcaps¦n (Chcn \n¶v) A©ma sXmcmsftbm Asæn BdmasXmcmsftbm sImpt]mI s«.” A§s\ A_qs_¡À ho«n sImpt]mb AXnYnIÄ¡v `£Ww sImSp¯t¸mÄ, Hmtcm ]nSn Blmcw FSp¡pt¼mgpw ]m{X¯n Ah s]cpIns¡mncp¶p. FÃmhcpw Blmcw Ign¨pIgnªt¸mgpw ]m{X¯n Dmbncp¶{Xbpw AXn Xs¶ Dmbncp¶s{X.17 tbip{InkvXp A©¸wsImv A¿mbncw t]À¡p `£Ww sImSp¯p F¶p ss__nfn ]dbp¶Xpt]mepÅ Hcp sI«p IYbmWnXv. apl½Zns\ AZv`pX{]hÀ¯I\m¡m\pÅ {iaw lZokpIfn DS\ofw ImWmw. Øe]cnanXnsImv Ah D²cn ¡p¶nÃ. 88
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
aq¶p Ip«nIÄ acn¨m kzÀKw
“Xncpta\n Acpfn: “apÉo§fn hÃhtâbpw {]mb]qÀ¯nsb ¯m¯ aq¶p Ip«nIÄ aSWSªm B Ip«nItfmSv AÃmlphn ¶pÅ ImcpWy¯m Ahs\ AÃmlp kzÀK¯n IS¯pw.”18 kzÀK¯n t]mIm³ Ffp¸hgn! Ip«nIÄ¡v tcmKw hcp t¼mÄ NnInÕn¡mXncp¶m aXn þ Ip«nIfpw amXm]nXm¡fpw kzÀK¯nse¯pw!!
\áamb Ipfn Ad_nIfptSbpw bqZ·mcptSbpw CSbn {]Nmc¯nencp¶ ]e sI«pIYIfpw \_n AtX]Sn hnizkn¨ncp¶p F¶mWv lZokp IÄ hyàam¡p¶Xv. H¶pcv DZmlcW§Ä Xmsg sImSp¡p ¶p: “Xncpta\n Acpfn: C{kmCueyÀ \ácmbn«mWv Ipfn¨n cp¶Xv; \ámhØbn AhÀ At\ym\yw t\m¡ns¡mpw, F¶m aqkm(A) aäpÅhcpsS Iq«¯n tNcmsX GI\mbv s¡mmWv Ipfn¨ncp¶Xv. At¸mÄ aqkmbv¡v AÞhr²nbp s¶pw AXp sImmWv At±lw \t½msSm¸w Ipfn¡m¯ sX¶pw aäpÅhÀ Ifnbm¡n. ]n¶osSmcn¡Â l{k¯v aqk Ipfn¡phm³ t]mbn; hkv{Xw Hcp IÃnt·Â sh¨p. DSs\ B IÃv B hkv{Xhpw sImtmSn. ‘ItÃ! Fsâ hkv{Xw, ItÃ! Fsâ hkv{Xw’ F¶p ]dªpsImv l{k¯p aqkm ]n¶mse bpw. Ahkm\w (B IÃp sN¶p \n¶Xv C{kmCueyÀ¡nSbn emWv. F¶n«v) C{km CueyÀ aqksb (\ácq]¯nÂ) t\m¡n ¡p. DSs\ AhÀ ]dªp: ‘AÃmlphmW aqkbn bmsXmcp tcmKhpanÃ.’ aqk AhnsSsh¨p Xsâ hkv{XsaSp¯p F¶n«v IÃns\ ASn¡m³ XpS§n. A_qlpssd ]dbpIbmWv: aqk ASn¨Xn Btdm Gtgm ASbmfw B IÃn Ahtijn¨n «pv.”19 IÃp hkv{Xhpw sImtmSn, aqk IÃns\ ASn¨p. AXnsâ ]mSpIÄ Ct¸mgpapv Fs¶ms¡ tIÄ¡pt¼mÄ C¯cw ap¯ Èn¡YIfn hnizkn¡p¶ a\pjyÀ Ct¸mgpw DtÃm F¶m Wv AZv`pXw tXm¶p¶Xv. ]ns¶ bn{kmtb¡mÀ \ácmbn 89
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
Ipfn¨p F¶pÅ Btcm]WamWv. A¿q_v\_nbpw \á\mbn Ipfns¨¶v thsdmcp lZokn ImWmw.20
BSpt\m«¡mÀ
“Xncpta\n Acpfn, kXy\ntj[¯nsâ tI{µw Ing¡p`mK¯m Wv. Al¦mchpw s]m§¨hpw IpXncItfbpw H«I§tfbpw hfÀ¯p¶hcnepw {KmaoWcmb IÀjIcnepamWv ImWpI. BSp hfÀ¯p¶hcnemWv im´ioew ZriyamhpI.”21 sXmgnensâ ASnØm\¯n BfpIfpsS kz`mhw \nÀW bn¡p¶ Cu k{¼Zmbw F{X {]mIrXamsW¶p ]dtbXn ÃtÃm. IÀjIsc apgph³ {Iqc·mcmbn«mWv At±lw Nn{XoIcn ¡p¶Xv. asämcp `mK¯v \_n ]dbp¶p: ‘lrZbImTn\yw IÀjI cnemWpmbncn¡pI.’22
CÉmanse kmtlmZcyw CÉmw kÀÆkmtlmZcy¯nsâ aXamsW¶pw B aX¯n tNcp¶hscms¡ Xpeycmbn«mWv KWn¡s¸Sp¶sX¶pw km[mcW ]dbmdpv. CXp icnbsöv C³Uybnse A\p`h §Ä sXfnbn¡p¶p. lnµpaX¯n \n¶v CÉmw aX¯n tNÀ¶hÀ ap¼pmbncp¶Xpt]mse DbÀ¨ XmgvNItfmsS, hnhn[ PmXnIfmbn«mWv D¯tc´ybn Xmakn¡p¶Xv. CXv C³Uybnse {]tXyI ]cnXØnXnIfn Dmb Hcp Ipg¸am sW¶mWv Rm³ IcpXnbncp¶Xv. F¶m lZokpIfn Nne tKm{X§tfbpw PmXnItfbpw DbÀ¯n¸nSn¡p¶Xn\mhiyamb GÀ¸mSpIÄ ImWmw: “Xncpta\n Acpfn: a\pjysc \n§Ä J\nItft¸msebmWv ImWpI. Ahcn AÚm\Ime¯v t{ijvT·mcmbncp¶hÀ CÉman h¶tijhpw t{ijvT·mÀ Xs¶bmbncn¡pw.”24 apl½Zp P\n¨ sa¡bnse Jpssdin tKm{Xs¯ temI¯n epÅhscÃmw t{ijvTtKm{Xambn AwKoIcn¨v {]hÀ¯n¡W at{X! JpssdinIfnepÅ sX½mSnItfbpw B`mk·mscbpw IqSn \½Ä ]n³]än \S¡Wsa¶mWv \_nXncpta\nbpsS D¯chv! am{Xtam? CÉmansâ `cWwIqSn AhÀ¡v AhImis¸ «XmWv. asämcp lZokv hmIyw t\m¡pI: 90
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
“Cu `cWImcyw JpssdinIfnemWv \nesImÅpI. AhÀ Zo\ns\ \ne\ndp¯p¶ Imea{Xbpw AhtcmSv FXnÀ¸p {]ISn ¸n¡p¶ Hcp¯t\bpw AÃmlp apJw Ip¯n¡mXncn¡pIbn Ã.”25 “Xncpta\n (k) Acpfn: JpssdjnIfn cp t]À Ahtijn ¡p¶ Imea{Xbpw Cu `cWImcyw AhcnemWv \nesImÅp I.”26 kÀÆkmtlmZcy¯n\v CXn IqSpX F´p sXfnhp th Ww! \_nbpsS tKm{X¡mÀ F¡mehpw DbÀ¶ `cWm[n]·m cnbncn¡pat{X!! DbÀ¶ PmXn¡mÀ CÉman tNÀ¶m AhÀ PmXnt{ijvTcmbn¯s¶ XpScpw! References: 1. JpÀB³ 33:21 2. Al½Zv auehn, kn.F³, klolp _pJmcn (AhXmcnI), t]Pv. 119 3. klolp apÉow, IS¶a® (1978) t]Pv 2 4. Ibid, p. 3 5. JpÀB³ 33:36 6. klolp apÉow, t]Pv 13 7. Ibid., p. 14 8. Ibid., p. lZokv: 1 9. klolp _pJmcn, lZokv, 1317 10. JpÀ B³ 6:25 11. klolp _pJmcn, lZokv, 1314 12. Ibid, lZokv, 1319 13. Ibid, lZokv, 7 15. JpÀB³ 25:7-8 16. Ibid., 17:93., 18: 110 17. klolp _pJmcn, lZokv, 352 18. Ibid., lZokv, 617 19. Ibid., lZokv, 191 20. Ibid., lZokv, 192
91
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
21. Ibid., lZokv, 1354 22. Ibid., lZokv, 1355 23. Ibid., lZokv, 1415 24. Ibid., lZokv, 1416 25. Ibid., lZokv, 1417 26. Ibid., lZokv, 1419
92
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
7 JpÀB\pw imkv{Xhpw ]Xn\mep \qämpIÄ¡pap¼v Atd_ybn Pohn¨ncp¶ Hcp a\pjy³ FgpXnb {KÙ¯n B[p\nIimkv{X¯n\p hncp² ambn Fs´¦nepw Im \ap¡v At±ls¯ Ipäw]dªn«p ImcyanÃ. F¶m temI{kjvSmhmb ssZh¯nsâ \nÀt±i {]Imcw ae¡v shfns¸Sp¯nbXmWv JpÀB³ F¶p ]dªm AXn ]ns¶ sXäp ImWm³ ]mSnÃ. apÉo§Ä hnizkn¡p ¶Xv JpÀB³ AÃmlphn\m shfns¸Sp¯s¸« ]cakXy amsW¶mWv. AXpsImv imkv{Xhpambn JpÀB\nsebpw lZokpIfntebpw hnhc§Ä F{XIv H¯pt]mIp¶p F¶p ]cntim[nt¡nbncn¡p¶p. ]c¶ `qan! `qan DcpXmsW¶pw kqcy\p Npäpw AXv {`aWw sNbvXpsIm ncn¡pIbmsW¶pw C¶v GXp sIm¨pIp«n¡pw Adnbmw. tIm ¸À\n¡kpw (1473þ1543) Keoentbmbpw (1564þ1642) \S¯nb KthjW§fpsS ^eambn«mWv AXv Ak¶nKv[ambn sXfnbn ¡s¸«Xv. ]Xn\mdmw \qämphsc AXpsImv ]ecpw `qan ]c¶XmsW¶pw kqcy\pw {Kl§fpw `qansb Npäns¡mncn ¡pIbmsW¶pw hnizkn¨ncp¶p. kzÀK¯n \n¶pw ssZhw Cd¡ns¡mSp¯XmsW¶p ]dªvv apl½Zv AhXcn¸n¨ JpÀ B\nepw sXämb B hnizmkamWv ImWp¶Xv. `qan ]c¶Xm sW¶p hyàam¡p¶ Nne JpÀB³ hmIy§Ä Xmsg sImSp ¡p¶p. “(CtX{]Imcw) `qansb \mw ]c¯nbnSpIbpw I\¯ ]ÀÆX §fn AXn Øm]n¡pIbpw (PohPme§fpsS BhiymÀ 93
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
°w) FÃm hkvXp¡sfbpw hyhØnXamb tXmXn AXn \mw apf¸n¡pIbpw sNbvXncn¡p¶p.”1 “(t\m¡pI) AXm `qanbn ]ÀÆX§Ä Øm]n¨ncn¡p¶p: `qan \n§tfbpwsImv Nmªpt]mImXncn¡m³.”2 “`qansbs¡mpw AXns\ ]c¯nbn«ncn¡p¶ hn[s¯s¡m pw...”3 “`qansb Ah³ ]c¯n AXn ImWp¶ shÅhpw Xoäkm [\§fpw Ah³ AXn \n¶v Dev]mZn¸n¨p.”4 “(t\m¡pI) AÃmlp \n§Ä¡v `qansb Hcp hncn¸m¡n X¶n cn¡p¶p.”5 “`qan a\pjyt\mSpIqSn Nmªpt]mImXncnt¡Xn\v AXn \mw Nne ]ÀÆX§Ä Øm]n¡pIbpw a\pjyÀ¡v D±njvSØm\§fn F¯nt¨cm³ kuIcyw e`nt¡Xn\p aebn Nne aebnSp¡pIfpw hgnIfpw \mw Xpd¡pIbpw sNbvXn cn¡p¶p. C{]ImcwXs¶ BImis¯ \mw kpc£nXamb Hcp ta¯«p t]mse B¡pIbpw sNbvXncn¡p¶p.”6 “Nmªp t]mImXncnt¡Xn\v” F¶p XÀÖa sNbvXncn ¡p¶Xv. kn.F³. Al½Zp auehnbmWv. F¶m Sn.sI. A_vZp Åm auehnbpsS XÀÖabn ‘Nen¡mXncn¸m\mbn Dd¨Xmb ]ÀÆX§sf \mapm¡n’7 F¶mWv. ta¯«v F¶Xn\p]Icw ‘taÂ]pc’sb¶mWt±l¯nsâ XÀÖa.8 “(`qanbnte¡v AhÀ t\m¡p¶ntÃ) `qansb \mw (AhÀ¡v) Hcp hncn¸m¡n sh¨n«ntÃ? ]ÀÆX§sf `qan¡pÅ BWnIfm ¡n sh¨n«ntÃ?”9 “\n§Ä¡p thn `qanbnte¡v Hcp hncn¸pw BImis¯ Hcp ta¯«pam¡n krjvSn¡pIbpw...”10 “(t\m¡pI:) `qapJs¯ hnimeam¡nbnSpIbpw AXn Nne I\¯ ]ÀÆX§Ä Dd¸n¨p \ndp¯pIbpw...sNbvXXv Ah\ s{X.”11 C\n ckIcamb asämcp hnhcwIqSn t\m¡pI: Atd_ybnse t\m¡nbm t\ms¡¯m¯ Zqc¯n InS ¡p¶ aW¸c¸pIfpw \á§fmb ]ÀÆX§fpw apl½Znsâ `mh\bn C¯cw Hcp Nn{Xambncn¡pw krjvSn¨Xv. aäp Nne 94
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
hmIy§ÄIqSn t\m¡pI: “BImi`qanIÄ (AhbpsS Øm\§fn \n¶p) \o§nt¸m ImXncn¡phm³ Ahsb \nb{´n¨p \ndp¯nbncn¡p¶Xv AÃm lphmWv.”13 “`qansb \n§Ä AS§nbncn¡m\pÅ Hcp cwKhpw BImi s¯ Hcp ta¯«pam¡n X¶h\mWv AÃmlp.”14
BImiw `qanbn \n¶v \át\{X§ÄsImv BImit¯¡p t\m¡p t¼mÄ `qan¡p apIfn Hcp X«pt]mse BImiw \n¡p¶p F¶pw kqcy\pw N{µ\pw \£{X§fpsams¡ AXn\SnbneqsS k©cn¡pIbmsW¶pw \ap¡v tXm¶pw. ]e {]mNo\ aX{KÙ §fnepw ImWp¶ Nn{Xhpw AXpXs¶bmWv. BImiamIp¶ X«n\p apIfn ssZh§fpw tZhotZh·mcpw hkn¡p¶p F¶m Wv k¦ev]w. `qan¡p Xmsg ]nimNp¡Ä, Akpc·mÀ XpS§nb hÀ Xmakn¡p¶ ]mXmfaps¶pw A¡me¯v k¦ev]n¡s¸ «ncp¶p. A§s\ aq¶p temI§Ä (BImiw, `qan, ]mXmfw) Ds¶ hnizmkw \nehn h¶p. B[p\nI imkv{Xw Cu hnizmk§sfÃmw sXämsW¶v hyàambn Øm]n¨p. kqcys\ {]Z£n Ww sh¨psImncn¡p¶ {Kl§fn H¶mb `qan DcpXm sW¶pw AhnsS \n¶p t\m¡pt¼mÄ BImisa¶v \ap¡v tXm¶p¶Xv I®nsâ shdpw {`aamsW¶pw hnZqc§fmb aÞ e§fn ØnXnsN¿p¶ \£{X {]]©§tf¸än t\cn b Adnhp am{Xta a\pjy\pÅq F¶pw imkv{XÚ³amÀ hyà am¡p¶p. ]t£, ssZhw Cd¡ns¡mSp¯ JpÀB\v BImiw, \£{X§Ä, kqcy³, N{µ³ XpS§nbhsb¸än Nne A`n{]mb §fpv. Nne DZmlcW§Ä Xmsg sImSp¡mw. “Ggv BImi§tfbpw Ahbv¡p Xpeyambn `qantbbpw krjvSn¨h\mWv AÃmlp.”15 “]n¶oSv Ah³ (AÃmlp) BImi¯nsâ t\sc Xncnªp. F¶n«v AXns\ Ggv BImi§fm¡n icns¸Sp¯n.”16 “FgpXs¸« ISemkpNpcp«pwt]mse BImis¯ \mw Npcp«n ¡fbp¶ Znhkw.”17 95
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
ISemkp t]msetbm XpWnt]msetbm DÅ Hcp ta¯ «mWv BImisa¶pÅ [mcWbmWv C§s\ ]dbm³ apl½Zn s\ t{]cn¸n¨Xv. aäp Nne hmIy§Ä CXp sXfnbn¡p¶p: “(C{]Imcw Xs¶) BImis¯ \mw kpc£nXamb Hcp ta ¯«pt]mse B¡pIbpw sNbvXncn¡p¶p.”18 “\n§Ä¡p thn `qansb Hcp hncn¸pw BImis¯ ta¯ «pam¡n.”19 C§s\ X«pX«pIfmbn Ggv BImiaps¶p IcpXnbncp¶ apl½Zv Hcn¡Â Pn_vco F¶ ae¡nsâ IqsS B BImi §fn IbdnbXmbn lZokpIfn ]dbp¶p. apl½Zv ]dbp¶p: “Fsâ ssI]nSn¨psImp `qantbmSp sXm«Sp¯p \n¡p¶ BImit¯¡v At±lw (ae¡v) Ibdnt¸mbn. A§s\ BImi ¯p Rms\¯nt¨À¶t¸mÄ, BImi¯nsâ Imh¡mc\mb ae¡nt\mSp hmXn Xpd¡q F¶p Pn_vco ]dªp. B ae¡p tNmZn¨p: ‘BcmWXv?’ Pn_vco ]dªp: ‘CXp Rm\mWv Pn _vcoÂ.’ Imh¡mc³ ae¡p tNmZn¨p: ‘\n§tfmsSm¸w aäm sc¦nepaptm?’ Pn_vco ]dªp: ‘AsX, Dv. Fsâ IqsS apl½Zv Dv.’ B ae¡p tNmZn¨p: ‘At±ls¯ hnfn¡m\b ¨ncpt¶m?’ Pn_vco ]dªp: ‘AsX.’ A§s\ B ae¡p hm Xn Xpd¶t¸mÄ R§Ä H¶mw BImi¯nsâ apIfnte¡p Ibdn.’ C§s\ Hmtcm Øe¯pw Ibdn¡bdn, Ahkm\w ka \nc¸mbn ]c¶p InS¡p¶ Hcp Øe¯p Rms\¯nt¨À¶p... AhnsSsh¨v Fsâ A\pbmbnIÄ¡v A³]Xp \akv¡mcw AÃmlp \nÀ_Ôambn Iev]n¨p.”20 C§s\ Ggp X«pItfmSpIqSnb BImiw ØnXn sN¿p¶Xv ImWm³ ]mSnÃm¯ XqWnt·emsW¶pw JpÀB\n ]dbp¶p: “(Hm! Nn´miq\y\mb a\pjym! CXm t\m¡q) \n§Ä¡p ImWmhp¶ XqWpIÄ IqSmsXXs¶ C¡mWp¶ BImiaÞ es¯ DbÀ¯nsh¨ncn¡p¶h\s{X AÃmlp.”21
kqcy\pw N{µ\pw kqcy\pw AXns\ Npäp¶ {Kl§fpw DĸsSbpÅ kucbqY ¯nsâ tI{µw kqcy\msW¶v kmam\y hnZym`ymkapÅhÀ 96
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
s¡Ãmw C¶dnbmw. Cu kucbqYwXs¶ BImiKwKsb¶ dnbs¸Sp¶ hensbmcp \£{X{]]©¯nse Hcp sNdnb Awi amWv. Hcp e£w {]Imi hÕcw hoXnbpw A¿mbncw {]Imi hÕcw I\hpapÅ Cu \£{X{]]©¯n e£w tImSn \£ {X§fps¶p IW¡m¡s¸Sp¶p. CXpt]mepÅ \nch[n \£{X{]]©§Ä Cu AÞISml§fnepv. A\´amb {]]©s¯¸änbpÅ hnhc§Ä tiJcn¡pt´mdpw a\pjy³ AZv`pXs¸Sp¶p. ]t£, JpÀB\n kqcyN{µ·mscbpw \£ {X§tfbpw ]än sImSp¯ncn¡p¶ hnhc§Ä {]mIrX Ad_n tKm{X§fpsS k¦ev]§Ä am{XamWv. kqcysâ {]Imiw sIm mWv ]I DmIp¶sX¶v \ap¡dnbmw. ]t£, JpÀ B³ ]dbp¶Xv ‘]I kqcys\ sXfnbn¨p ImWn¡p¶p’22 F¶mWv. ‘cmhv kqcys\ aqSn¡fbp¶p’ F¶pw asämcp `mK¯v ]dbp¶p!23 A\´ hnZqcXbn \n¡p¶hbpw \½psS kqcyt\¡mÄ hfsc hepXpamWv \£{X§Ä. Ahtb¸än JpÀB³ ]dbp¶ Xv, ‘Icbntebpw ISentebpw AÔImc§fn hgn a\Ênem ¡m\m’Wv AÃmlp \£{X§sf krjvSn¨sX¶mWv.24 aäp Nne {]kvXmh\IÄ t\m¡pI: “BImi¯p Nne \£{X§tfbpw AXn Hcp hnf¡nt\ bpw shfn¨w \ÂIp¶ N{µt\bpw Øm]n¨h³ hfsc DÂIrjvS KpW§fpÅh³ As{X.”25 N{µ\v shfn¨ansöpw kqcy{]Imiw X«n AXp {]Xn^en¡p t¶bpÅq F¶pw \ap¡dnbmw. ]t£, AÃmlphn\pw Ahsâ ZqX\pw B hnhcw CÃmsXt]mbn! kqcy³ \½psS `qantb¡mÄ 13 e£w hen¸w IqSpXepÅ Hcp Btáb tKmfamWv. N{µ\m Is« \½psS `qansb {`aWw sN¿p¶ Hcp sNdnb D]{KlamWv. temImhkm\¯n ‘N{µt\bpw kqcyt\bpw H¶n¨p Iq«p’26sa ¶mW v JpÀB³ ]dbp¶Xv . B\tbbpw ISpInt\bpw H¶n¨p Iq«psa¶p ]dbp¶Xp t]msebmWv Cu {]kvXmh\bpw. ‘N{µ sâ {]Imiw sI«pt]mIpw’ F¶v asämcp Øe¯pw ]dªp ImWp¶p.27 N{µs\ Ah³ BImi§fn {]ImiapÅXm¡n shbv¡pIbpw kqcys\ Hcp hnf¡m¡n shbv¡pIbpw sNbv Xncp¶p28 F¶pw JpÀB\n ]dbp¶p. C{Xbpw henb sXäp 97
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
IÄ a\pjy\mb apl½Zn\p ]änbm AZv`pXanÃ. imkv{Xw Ggmw iXI¯n A{Xbpw A`nhr²ns¸«ncp¶nÃ. ]t£, C¸dbp¶Xv ssZhamsW¦n B ssZhs¯¸än \ap¡v _lp am\apmIm³ {]bmkamWv. kqcy{KlWhpw N{µ{KlWhpw {]IrXnbpsS {]Xn`mk§ fmWv. ]t£, hnizmknIÄ¡v AXv FÃm¡mehpw t]Snkz]v\am bncp¶p. Hcn¡Â kqcy{KlWapmbXv lZokn C§s\ hnhcn¡p¶p: “Hcn¡Â kqcy{KlWapmbt¸mÄ Xncpta\n (k) `bt¯msS Fgpt¶äp. AXv A´y{]fbamtWm F¶mbncp ¶p \_nbpsS `bw.”29
Cu¨bpsS NndIn Huj[w tcmKmWp¡sf ]c¯p¶ {]mWnIfnsem¶mWv Cu¨. AXv Im¸nbntem Nmbbntem hoWm kmam\yt_m[apÅhÀ B ]m\obw FSp¯p IfbpIbmWv ]Xnhv. F¶m ssZhZqX\mb \_nbpsS A`n{]mbw tIÄ¡pI! “Xncpta\n Acpfn: \n§fn hÃhcptSbpw ]m\ob¯n Cu¨ hoWpt]mbm B Cu¨sb apgph³ AXn ap¡nbn«v ]pdt¯s¡Sp¯p Ifbs«. Cu¨bpsS Hcp NndIn tcmKhpw atä NndIn tcmKia\hpamWpÅXv.”30 apl½Zv asämcn¡Â \nÝbn¨ Hcp NnInÕbpw ckIcamWv: “D¡Â Asæn Dssd tKm{X¯nse Nne BfpIÄ aZo\ bn h¶p. F¶n«v AhnSs¯ ImemhØ AhÀ¡p ]nSn¨nÃ. (A§s\ AhÀ tcmK_m[nXcmbn). At¶cw ]mepÅ H«I§ fpsS ASpt¯¡v t]mIm\pw AhbpsS ]mepw aq{Xhpw Ign¡m \pw Xncpta\n Ahsc D]tZin¨p.”31
kv{Xobv¡v C{µnbkvJe\w ]Xns\m¶v `mcyamcpw \mep sh¸m«namcpw ]pdta \nch[n ASn akv{XoIfpsams¡bmbn apl½Zp\_n _Ôw ]peÀ¯nbncp¶p sh¦nepw kv{XobpsS icocimkv{Xw At±l¯n\v Adnbmam bncp¶nà F¶v lZokpIÄ sXfnbn¡p¶p: “D½pkeam(d)bn \n¶p \nthZ\w. AhÀ ]dbp¶p: (A\ kp_v\p amen¡nsâ amXmhv) D½p kpssew ssZhZqXsâ ASp 98
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
¡Â h¶n«p tNmZn¨p: “ssZhZqXsc! AÃmlp kXyw Xpd¶p ]dbm³ eÖn¡p¶nÃ. kv{Xo kz]v\w Im AhÄ Ipfnt¡ Xptm? Xncpta\n Acpfn: ‘AsX AhÄ C{µnbs¯ I m Ipfn¡Ww.’ CXp tI«t¸mÄ D½pkea hkv{Xw sImv AhcpsS apJw aqSn. F¶n«p tNmZn¨p: ssZhZqXsc! kv{Xo¡v kz]v\kvJe\w DmIptam? Xncpta\n Acpfn: ‘AsX, Dm Ipw. AhÄ¡v C{µnbansæn AhfpsS k´m\w AhfpsS BIrXnbn P\n¡p¶sX§s\?”32 ]pcpjs\t¸mse kwtbmKmhkc¯ntem kz]v\¯ntem ]pd¯phcp¶ ip¢tam X¯peyamb Fs´¦neptam kv{XobpsS P\t\{µnb¯nenÃ. t\scadn¨v amk¯n Hcn¡Â AÞm ib¯n \n¶v KÀ`]m{X¯nte¡v AÞhnkÀÖ\w Dm Ipw. B AÞhpw ]pcpj_oPhpw IqSnt¨À¶mte Ip«nbpm hpIbpÅq. kwtbmKmhkc¯n kv{XoIÄ¡v ssewKnIaqÀO DmIp¶Xv ]pcpjt\t¸mse C{µnbkvJe\w DmbXpsIm msW¶v \_n [cn¨psh¨ncp¶p F¶pam{Xw.
]\nbpmIp¶sX§s\?
“Ft¶¡mÄ IqSpX Úm\apÅhcmcpw Pohn¨ncp¸nÔ F¶v \_n ]dªn«pv.33 A§s\ FÃmhtc¡mfpw ‘AdnhpÅ’ B alm\p`mh³ ]\nbpmIm\pÅ ImcWw ]dbp¶p: “Xncpta\n (k) Acpfn: ]\n \cI¯nsâ Bhnbn s]« XmWv. AXpsImv ]\nsb \n§Ä shÅwsImp XWp¸n ¡pI.”34 \à ]\n hÃXpamsW¦n ]ns¶ BÀ¡pw XWp¸nt¡ n hcnIbnÃ!
tIm«phmbv ]e Ahkc§fnepw \½Ä sIm«phm CSmdpv. icocimkv{X Ú·mÀ AXnsâ ImcWw C§s\ hniZoIcn¡p¶p: “km[mc W tIm«phmbv Dd¡w hcpt¼mtgm BekyapmIpt¼mtgm BWv DmIp¶Xv. icoc¯n\v Dd¡w Bhiyaps¶pÅXnsâ Hcp ASbmfamWXv. icoc¯n HmIvknP³ Ipdbpt¼mÄ a\p jycpw arK§fpw tIm«phmbnSpw. amwkt]inIÄ¡v AXv Abhp \ÂIpw. km[mcWbmbn HcmÄ tIm«phmbv CSps¶¦n 99
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
AbmÄ¡v HmIvknP³ Bhiy¯n\p e`n¡p¶nsömWÀ°w. icnbmbn Imäp In«m\pÅ kuIcyapm¡pItbm hymbmaw sN¿pItbm BWv C¯cw L«§fn sNt¿Xv. Fs´¦nepw ]m\ob§tfm shÅtam IpSn¨m tIm«phmbv \n¡pw. XWp ¯ shůn apJw IgpInbmepw CXp \n¡pw.”35 imkv{Xw C§s\bmWv ]dbp¶sX¦nepw kÀÆÚ\mb apl½Zv ]dbp¶ IY asäm¶mWv. “Xncpta\n (k) Acpfn: tIm«phmbv ]nimNnsâ {]hr¯nI fnÂs¸«XmWv. \n§fn hÃh¶p tIm«phmbntSn h¶m Xsâ Ignhn\v A\pkcn¨v Ah³ AXS¡s«. tIm«phmbn«psIm p \n§fnsemcmÄ ‘lm’ F¶p ]dbpt¼mÄ ]nimNp Nncn ¡pw.”36 Ggmw iXI¯n Pohn¨ncp¶ apl½Zv \_n ]dª Cu hnÍn¯cw 1981þ än.sI. A_vZpà auehn Gäp ]mSp¶p. X^v kodp JpÀBsâ ]cn`mjtbmsSm¸w At±lw FgpXnt¨À ¯ncn¡p¶p: “tIm«phmbv CSpIbmsW¦n AXv amdp¶Xphsc Hm¯p \ndp¯pI. ImcWw AXp ]nimNnsâ ]¡Â\n¶pÅXmWv. ”37
kz]v\hpw apl½Zpw kz]v\w ImWpIsb¶Xv a\pjya\Ênsâ kz`mhamWv. hyàn bpsS A\p`h§fpw `mh\Ifpw hnizmk§fpw IqSn¡pgªv a\Ên cq]saSp¡p¶hbmWh. ]t£, {]mIrXa\pjy\v kz]v \w F¶pw Hcp AZv`pXambncp¶p. AsX§s\ DmIp¶p F¶v AhÀ¡v Adnbmambncp¶nÃ. AXpsImv AXv ssZhtam ]nim tNm \ÂIp¶ ZÀi\§fmbn AhÀ IcpXn. apl½Zpw C¯c ¯nÂs¸« Hcmfmbncp¶psh¶v JpÀB³ sXfnhp \ÂIp¶p. _ZÀ bp²¯n F®¯n IqSpXepÅ “i{Xp¡tfmSmWv apÉo§Ä Gäpap«nbXv. ]t£, apl½Zp I kz]v\¯nse A\p`hw t\sc adn¨mbncp¶p. AtX¸än ]dbp¶Xv C§s\ bmWv: “(apl½Zv \_o!) \nsâ kz]v\¯n kXy\ntj[nIfpsS F®w Ipdhmbn AÃmlp \n\¡p ImWn¨pX¶ kµÀ`w kvac 100
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
WobamWv . AhcpsS F®w IqSpXem¡n Ah³ \n\¡p ImWn¨p X¶ncps¶¦n \n§fpsS ss[cyw £bn¡pIbpw \n§Ä (bp²Imcy¯nÂ) XÀ¡n¨p `n¶n¡pIbpw sN¿pam bncp¶p.”38 ChnsS apl½Zp I kz]v\w sXämbncp¶p. At±l¯n\v BßhnizmkapmIm³ AÃmlp sNbvXXmWs{X AXv! bqkp ^v \_n (ss__nfnse sbmsk^v) ImWp¶ kz]v\§fpw At± lw aäpÅhcpsS kz]v\§Ä¡p \ÂIp¶ hymJym\§fpw JpÀ B\n Nn{XoIcn¡pt¼mgpw, kz]v\§fpsS ImcWw ssZhtam ]nimtNm BsW¶pÅ hnizmkw \_n¡pmbncp¶psh¶v hyàamIpw. C{_mlnw \_n¡v ssZhw kz]v\¯n {]Xy£ \mbn aI³ Ckvambnens\ _ensImSp¡Wsa¶p ]dªXm bpw AX\pkcn¨v At±lw {]hÀ¯n¡m³ XbmdmbXpw JpÀ B\n hnhcn¡p¶pv . 39 CXpt]mse C¡mes¯mcmÄ kz]v\w ImWpIbpw AX\pkcn¨v a¡tftbm aämscsb¦neptam _ensImSp ¡pIbpw sNbvXmepÅ ^esa´mbncn¡pw? sIme ¡pä¯n\pÅ in£ hm§psa¶pÅ Imcy¯n BÀs¡¦nepw kwibaptm! kz]v\§sf¸än apl½Zp ]dª Hc`n{]mbw lZokpIfnepv. AXv ChnsS D²cn¡mw: “Xncpta\n (k) Acpfn: ]cnip² kz]v\§Ä AÃmlphn¦Â \n¶pÅXmWv. t]¡n\mhpIÄ ]nimNn¦Â\n¶pÅXpw. \n§ fn hÃh\pw `bm\Iamb hà kz]v\hpw IpIgnªm A h³ Xsâ CSXp`mKt¯¡v H¶p Xp¸pIbpw AXnsâ \mi¯n \n¶pw AÃmlphn¦Â A`b¯n\pthn {]mÀ°n¡pIbpw sNbvXpsImÅs«. F¦n AXv Ahs\ D]{Zhn¡pIbnÃ.”40
]m¼v skanänIv aX§Ä s]mXpth ]m¼nt\bpw ]nimNnt\bpw i{Xp hmbn IW¡m¡p¶p. ]nimNv ]m¼nsâ cq]¯n h¶mWv l Æmbv¡v \·Xn·IfpsS hr£¯nsâ ^ew ]dn¨p sImSp¯ sX¶mWv ss__nfn ]dbp¶Xv.41 apl½Zp\_n ]m¼pIsf ¸än ]dbp¶Xpw hfsc i{XpXtbmsSbmWv. ]m¼pIsf \n§Ä sIm¶pIfbpI. hninjy icoc¯n cp \o hcIfpÅ 101
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
]m¼nt\bpw hm apdnª ]m¼nt\bpw. Ah cpw I®nsâ ImgvN \in¸n¡pIbpw KÀ`w Aekn¸n¡pIbpw sN¿pw. 42 Hm´v a\pjysâ tNmc IpSn¡pw, ]m¼v kv{XoIsf t{]an¡pw Fs¶ms¡ hnizkn¡p¶XnÂ\n¶v H«pw hyXykvXaà Cu AÔhnizmkhpw.
tImgnbpw ae¡pw tImgn Iqhp¶Xpw IgpX Icbp¶Xpsams¡ \ap¡v A\p`hapÅ Imcy§fmWv. AsXms¡ B PohnIfpsS km[mcW PohnXhp ambn _Ôs¸« Imcy§fmWv. F¶m apl½Zv AXns\ms¡ hymJym\w \ÂIp¶Xv {i²n¡pI: “tImgn Iqhp¶Xp \n§Ä tI«m AÃmlphnsâ A\p{Kl §Ä¡pthn {]mÀ°n¨psImÅpI. ImcWw tImgn Hcp ae ¡ns\ In«pmbncn¡pw. adn¨v Hcp IgpX Icbp¶Xp tI«m ]nimNn \n¶p c£n¡phm³ AÃmlphnt\mSp {]mÀ°n¨psIm ÅpI. ImcWw IgpX ]nimNns\ In«pmbncn¡pw.”43 t\cw shfp¡p¶Xn\p ap¼v temI¯nepÅ tImgn¡qSpIfpsS sbÃmw ASp¯v ae¡p t]mhpI, a\pjys\ ImWm³ Ignbm¯ ae¡ns\ tImgn¡v ImWm³ km[n¡pI, IgpXIÄ ]nimNns\ Ip IcbpI þ bmsXmcp AdnhpanÃm¯ Hcp a\pjysâ {]kvXm h\IfmWnhsbms¡sb¶p a\Ênem¡m³ henb _p²naps«m ¶pw th. a\pjy³ FenbmIpw! ‘kÀÆÚ\m’b apl½Zv asämcn¡Â ]dªp. a\pjy³ Fen bmbn amdpsa¶v. At±l¯nsâ hm¡pIÄ Xs¶ tIÄ¡pI: “C{kmCu hwi¯nse Hcp hn`mKw BfpIsf Hcn¡Â ImWmXmbn. AhÀ¡sX´p]änsb¶v bmsXmcdnhpanÃ. C¡m Wp¶ FenIÄ AhÀ cq]w amdnbXpXs¶bmsW¶mWv Fsâ A`n{]mbw. B FenIfpsS ap¼n H«I¯nsâ ]m sh¨p sImSp¯m Ah IpSn¡pIbnÃ. B«n³]m sh¨psImSp¯m tem IpSn¡pw.”44 C{ktb¡mÀ H«I¯nsâ ]m IpSn¡mdnÃ. AXpsImv H«I¯nsâ ]m IpSn¡m¯ FenIÄ AhÀ cq]m´cs¸«XmsW¶mWv apl½Znsâ Ip]nSn¯w. Fen 102
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
IÄ H«I¯nsâ ]m IpSn¡pIbnsöp ]dbp¶Xpt]mepw incmbns¡mÅWsa¶nÃ.
]mc¼cyimkv{Xw AdnªpIqSm¯ GXp hnjbs¯¸änbpw B[nImcnIambn A`n{]mbw ]dbp¶ Imcy¯n apl½Znt\mfw N¦qäw ImWn ¨hÀ Ncn{X¯n Npcp¡amWv. HcmÄ Hcn¡Â At±lt¯mSp tNmZn¨p: “k´m\¯n\v ]nXmhnt\mSv kmZriyapmIm³ ImcWsa´mWv? A{]ImcwXs¶ k´m\§Ä¡v AhcpsS A½mh·mcpambn cq]kmZriyapmhm\pw ImcWsa´mWv? ” CXn\v \_n C§s\ D¯cw ]dªp. “Hcp ]pcpj³ Hcp kv{Xobpambn klhkn¨p. F¶n«v Ah \mWv BZyw C{µnbkvJe\w DmbXv; F¶m B k´m\ ¯n\v ]pcpjt\mSmWv cq]kmZriyapmhpI. adn¨v BZyw AhÄ¡mWv kvJe\w DmbsX¦ntem, AhtfmSmWv k´m\ ¯n\v kmZriyapmbncn¡pI.”45 kv{Xo¡v kvJe\w DmIpsa¶pÅXpXs¶ icnbÃ. Ah fpsS AÞw s^tem¸nb³ Syq_ntem KÀ`]m{X¯ntem DÅ kabs¯ ssewKnI_Ô¯n ]pcpj³ \nt£]n¡p¶ e£ ¡W¡mb _oP§fn Hsc®amWv km[mcbmbn AÞhp ambn tbmPn¨p I«nbmIp¶Xv. ]mc¼cy§sf \nb{´n¡p¶ Po\pIfpsS {]hÀ¯\s¯¸än AdnbmXncp¶ ]pcmX\Ime ¯mWv \_n AXp ]dªsX¶pÅXp icnbmWv. ]t£, kÀÆ Ú\mb ssZh¯nsâ {]Xn]pcpj\mb \_n imkv{Xhncp² amb Cu {]kvXmh\ sN¿pt¼mÄ At±l¯nsâ {]hmNIXz ¯nemWv \ap¡p kwibw tXm¶pI.
103
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
References: 1. JpÀB³. 15:19 2. Ibid, 16:15 3. Ibid, 91:6 4. Ibid, 79 : 30-31 5. Ibid., 71:19 6. Ibid., 21 : 31-32 7. X^vkodp³ JpÀB³, 21:31 8. Ibid., 21:32 9. JpÀB³, 78 : 6-7 10. Ibid., 2:22 11. Ibid., 13:3 12. Ibid., 21:30 13. Ibid., 35:41 14. Ibid., 40:64 15. Ibid., 65:12 16. Ibid., 2:29 17. Ibid., 21:104 18. Ibid., 21:32 19. Ibid., 2:22 20. klolp _pJmcn, lZokv : 221 21. JpÀB³ 13:2 22. Ibid., 91:3 23. Ibid., 91:4 24. Ibid., 6:97 25. Ibid., 25:61 26. Ibid, 75:9 27. Ibid., 75 : 7-9 28. Ibid., 71:16 29. klolp _pJmcn lZokv 547 30. Ibid., 1358 31. Ibid., 167 32. Ibid., 105 33. Ibid., 174 34. Ibid., 1342
104
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
35. Guyton, Arthur. C, World Book Encyclopaedia, (Chicago, 1976), Vol 21, p. 460 36. klolp _pJmcn, lZokv: 1350 37. X^vkodp JpÀB³, t]Pv 7 38. JpÀB³, 8:43 39. Ibid., 37: 102-107 40. klolp _pJmcn, lZokv, 1351 41. Dev]¯n, 3 : 1-8 42. klolp _pJmcn, lZokv, 1353 43. Ibid., lZokv, 1356 44. Ibid., lZokv, 1357 45. Ibid., lZokv, 1361
105
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
8 JpÀB\pw ASna¯hpw arK§tft¸mse a\pjysc hnebv¡p hm§pIbpw CjvSanÃmsX h¶m sImÃpItbm hn¡pItbm Hs¡ sN¿p¶Xpamb k{¼Zmb¯n\mWv ASna¯w F¶p ]dbp¶Xv. ASnabv¡v DSa س InS¡m\pÅ kuIcyhpw `£Whpw hkv{Xhpw \ÂInbn cp¶p. kzX{´ambn Fs´¦nepw sN¿mt\m Nn´n¡mt\m ASna IÄ¡v AhImiapmbncp¶nÃ. AXn]pcmX\Imew apX temI¯nsâ ]e `mK§fnepw \ne\n¶ncp¶ lo\amb Cu k{¼Zmbs¯ aX§sfÃmw ]n´m§pIbmWpmbXv. kzX{´ Nn´bpsSbpw am\hnINn´bpsSbpw hnImk¯nsâbpw ^eam bn H«p an¡ cmPy§fpw ]s¯m³]Xmw iXI¯nemWv ASna ¯w \ntcm[n¨Xv. Cu amäs¯ AwKoIcn¡phm³ apÉow cmPy §fpw \nÀ_ÔnXambn. F¦nepw temI¯nse ]e apÉow cmPy§fnepw C¶pw hnhn[ cq]§fn ASna¯w \ne\n¡p ¶pv. ImcWw ASna¯s¯ \ymboIcn¡pIbpw AXn \n¶v em`apm¡pIbpw sNbvX aX§fnsem¶mWv CÉmw. B aX ¯nsâ t]cp t]mepw ASna¯t¯mSv _Ôs¸«XmWv. ‘CÉmw’ F¶ Ad_n ]Z¯n\v ‘IogS§Â’ F¶mWÀ°w. ssZh¯nsâ ASnaIfmWv a\pjysc¶pw ssZh\nÝba\pkcn¨v IogS§n Pohn¡pIbmWv a\pjysâ [À½sa¶pw CÉmwaXw ]Tn¸n ¡p¶p. ‘aB_qZ’ (bPam\³) BWv ssZhsa¶pw a\pjyscÃmw At±l¯nsâ A_vZp (ASna) IfmsW¶pw BWv CÉmwaX ¯nsâ kn²m´w. A_vZp dlnw (dlnansâ ASna) A_vZp JmZÀ (JmZdnsâ ASna) F¶p XpS§nb t]cpIÄ apÉo§fpsS bnSbn [mcmfw ImWmw. A_vZp (ASna) F¶v t]cn t]mepw 106
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
tNÀ¡phm³ aSn¡m¯bmfpIfpsS a\Ênsâ ASn¯«n ASna¯w F´pam{Xw Ds¶v Nn´n¡mhp¶tXbpÅq. apÉo §Ä sNt¿ Imcy§Ä¡v ‘C_mZ¯v ’ (ASnahr¯n) F¶m Wv ]dbp¶Xv. \akvImcw, {hXw, k¡m¯v (\nÀ_ÔZm\w), lÖv, PnlmZv (aXbp²w) F¶nhbmWv B A©v ASnahr¯n IÄ. C§s\ ssZh¯nsâ ASnaIfmb a\pjyÀ, klPohnI fn hensbmcp hn`mKs¯bpw ASnaIfm¡nbXn AZv`pXs¸ Sm\nÃ. CÉmwaX¯n\p ap¼pw Atd_ybn ASna¯w Dmbncp¶p. lo\amb B k{¼Zmbs¯ amäm³ apl½Zv {ian¨nsöp am{X aÃ, AXns\ AwKoIcn¡pIbpw D]tbmKs¸Sp¯pIbpw sN bvXp. apÉo§fpambn \S¶ bp²¯n XShpImcmbn ]nSn¨ kv{XoItfbpw Ip«nItfbpw apl½ZpXs¶ ASnaIfm¡nb kw` h§fpv. ASnaIfpsS Zb\ob ØnXn hnhcn¡p¶ \nch[n JpÀB³ hmIy§Ä ImWmw. “(\n§fpsS Adnhn\pthn) AÃmlp CXm Hcp D]a FSp ¯p ImWn¡p¶p. AXmbXv asämcmfpsS DSaØXbnencn¡p¶ ASnasb Ah\v Hcp Imcy¯n\pw IgnhnÃ. (AtXbhkc¯nÂ) asämcp a\pjy\pv. Ah³ kzX{´\mWv. Ah\p \mw \½psS ]¡Â \n¶p \à Blmcw \ÂInbn«pv. Ah³ AXn \n¶p clkyambpw ]ckyambpw (CjvSm\pkcWw) sNehm¡p¶p. ChÀ cpt]cpw ka·mcmIptam? Hcn¡epanÃ. FÃm kvXpXn IÄ¡pw AÀl³ AÃmlphs{X. ]t£, (F´psN¿m\mWv?) a\pjycn A[nIwt]cpw AdnhnÃm¯hcmIp¶p.”1 AÃmlpXs¶ ]dbp¶ Cu D]abpsS AÀ°sa´mWv? DbÀ ¨XmgvNIÄ Iev]n¨ncn¡p¶Xv ssZhamsW¶pw AXn\p ssZhw kvXpXn AÀln¡p¶p F¶pw hyàambn ]dªncn¡p¶p. a\p jycn Iptdt¸sc ASnaIfm¡n sImSp¯n«pw AXnsâ KpWw AhÀ Adnbm¯XnemWv AÃmlphn\v hnjaw. ASna¯s¯ CÃmXm¡m³ Ignbpsa¶v apl½Zv \_n Hcn ¡epw IcpXnbncp¶nÃ. AXv kmaqlyPohnX¯nsâ Hcp `mKam sW¶ a«nemWv JpÀB\nse {]kvXmh\IÄ. Nne DZmlcW §Ä t\m¡pI: 107
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
“kXyhnizmknIsf! h[n¡s¸Sp¶hcpsS Imcy¯n \ymb amb in£m\S]SnIsfSp¡p¶Xn¶p \n§tfmSnXm \nÀ_Ô ambn Iev]n¡p¶p. kzX{´\v kzX{´³, ASnabv¡v ASna, kv{Xo bv¡p kv{Xo C§s\ in£m\S]SnIÄ FSpt¡XmWv. ”2 kzX{´\mb Hcp hyànsb Hcp ASna sIm¶m AbmfpsS bPam\s\ sImÃp¶ ]Xnhv Ad_nIfpsS CSbnepmbncp¶p. B ]Xnhp amän ASnabv¡p ]Icw ASnabpw kv{Xo¡p ]Icw kv{Xobpw kzX{´\p]Icw kzX{´\pta h[n¡s¸Smhq F¶v JpÀB³ \nba ]cnjvIcWw \S¯pIbmWnhnsS. 3 A¶s¯ kmaqly ]cnXØnXnbn CXn\ev]w ]ptcmKa\ kz`mhw Im Wmw. ]t£, ASna¯w \ne\n¡p¶ Hcp kmaqlyhyhØn Xnsb JpÀBsâ IÀ¯mhv `mh\ sNbvXncp¶pÅq F¶v hyà am¡p¶p. C\n hnhmls¯¸än ]dbp¶Xp t\m¡pI: “At¸mÄ kXyhnizmkn\nIfmb \n§fpsS hmenb¡mcn Ifn \n§fpsS hewssIIÄ DSas¸Sp¯nbhcn \n¶p (hn hmlw Ign¨psImÅpI...... AXp (ASnakv{XoIsf hnhmlw sN ¿msa¶pÅXp) \n§fn AklyXsb `bs¸«hÀ¡mIp¶p.”4 ChnsS hmenb¡mcnIÄ F¶p ]dªncn¡p¶Xv ASnakv {XoIsf¸än¯s¶bmsW¶v apl½Zv Aam\n auehn Nqn¡m Wn¡p¶papv.5 C§s\ ASna kv{XoIsf hnhmlw sN¿m³ A\phZns¨¦nepw Ignbpsa¦n AsXmgnhm¡m³ taÂs¡mSp ¯ hmNI¯nsâ Ahkm\`mK¯v \nÀt±iapv. Ahsc Ieym Ww Ign¡msX £an¡p¶Xv \ÃXmsW¶pw XpSÀ¶p ]dbp¶p. ImcWw AhÀ Xmgv¶hcmsW¶pÅXpXs¶. apl½Zp \_n¡pXs¶ ]e ASnaIfpw Dmbncp¶psh¶v hyàam¡p¶ lZokpIfpw JpÀB³ hN\§fpapv. Hcp lZo kv CXmWv. “A½mÀ (d) \n¶p \nthZ\w. ({]hmNIXz¯nsâ Bcw` \mfpIfnÂ) Xncpta\n (k)bpsS IqsS CÉmw kzoIcn¨hcmbn A©v ASnaIfpw A_q_¡À(d)bpw am{XapÅXmbn Rm³ In «pv.”6 CÉmwaX¯n tNÀ¶ B ASnaIÄ¡v kzmX{´yw \ÂIm³ apl½Zv XbmdmbnÃ. am{Xtam, “asämcp¯sâ DSaØXbn 108
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
Pohn¡p¶ ASna, AÃmlphnt\mSpw Xsâ bPam\t\mSpapÅ _m[yXIÄ \ndthäns¡mp Pohn¡p¶]£w Cc«n {]Xn ^ew e`n¡pw” 7 F¶pwIqSn¸dªv ASnaIsf {]tem`n¸n¡p¶p.
ASnakv{XoIÄ ASnakv{XoItfmSv CÉmwaXw kzoIcn¨ncp¶ \bw F´msW¶v JpÀB³ hyàambn ]dbp¶pv. \nhr¯nbnÃmsX h¶m Ahcn Bscsb¦nepw hnhmlw sN¿msa¶p ]dªpsh¦nepw Ignbpsa¦n AXnÂ\ns¶mgnªp \n¡m³ \nÀt±in¨Xv ap¼v \½Ä Ip. F¶m hnhmlw Ign¡msXXs¶ ASnakv {XoIfpambn hnhml_Ôw ]peÀ¯msa¶v JpÀB³ ]dbp¶p. “F¶m X§fpsS `mcyamÀ Asæn X§fpsS \nb{´ W¯n³Iogn Pohn¡p¶hÀ, (Ahcpambn _Ôw Øm]n¡p ¶XnÂ) ChcpsS t]cn Ipäsam¶panÃ.”8 \_ntbmSv AÃmlp ]dbp¶ Hcp hmNIw CXv IqSpX hy àam¡p¶p: “Hm \_o! \o aldp sImSp¯ \nsâ `mcyamsc \n\¡v \mw A\phZn¨p X¶ncn¡p¶p; (C{]ImcwXs¶ aäpÅhcpsS) hnhm l_Ô¯nencn¡p¶ kv{XoIfpw (\n§Ä¡p \njn²amWv). F¶m (bp²¯ShpImcmbn) \n§fpsS \nb{´W¯nepÅ kv{XoIÄ AXnÂ\ns¶mgnhmWv. AÃmlp \n§Ä¡p \nÝbn ¨pX¶ \nbaamWnXv.”10 bp²¯n XShpImcnbmbn ]nSn¨ kv{XobpsS `À¯mhp Pohn ¨ncn¸ps¦nepw Ahcpambn ssewKnI_Ôw \S¯p¶Xv sX ämbn AÃmlp ImWp¶nÃ! ‘hess¦IÄ DSas¸Sp¯nb kv{XoIÄ’ F¶v JpÀB\n ]dbp¶Xv bp²¯n ]nSns¨Sp¯hsc¸änbmsW¶v hnizmkn Ifmb JpÀB³ ]ÞnX·mÀt]mepw k½Xn¡p¶p. ASnakv {XoIfn F{X t]cpambpw ssewKnI _Ô¯n GÀs¸Sp¶Xv IpäIcambncp¶nÃ.11 AXv hy`nNmcambn KWn¡s¸«ncp¶panÃ.
ASnaItfmSpÅ s]cpamäw apl½Zp\_nbpw CÉmwaXhpw ASna¯¯ns\Xncmbncp¶p F¶v Nne apÉo§Ä ASp¯ Ime¯v {]Ncn¸n¡m³ {ian¡p 109
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
¶pv. kµÀ`¯n \n¶v ASÀ¯nsbSp¯ GsX¦nepw hmIy §Ä hfs¨mSn¨v hymJym\w \ÂInbmWv ChÀ CÉmans\ shÅtXbv¡m³ {ian¡p¶Xv. kn.F. Al½Zv auehn ‘CÉmw Hcp ka{K]T\w’ F¶ ]pkvXI¯n C§s\ ]dbp¶p: “Hcp kp{]`mX¯n Hcp {]Jym]\waqew ZpÀ_es¸Sp¯m ambncp¶ H¶mbncp¶nà ASna¯w. BZyambn ASna¯ k{¼ Zmbs¯ CÉmw A\pIqen¡p¶nsöpw AXns\ \in¸n¡p hm³ t]mIbmsW¶pw temIs¯ DWÀ¯n. Hcmfpw (Xsâ DS aØXbn sh¨psImncn¡p¶ ASnasb) ‘Fsâ ASna’, ‘F sâ ASnakv{Xo’ F¶n§s\ hnfn¡cpsX¶v \_n (k) hnfw _cw sNbvXp. (_pJmcn) A{]Imcw Xs¶ ‘Fsâ DSaس’, ‘Fsâ DSbh³’ F¶n§s\ ASnaIÄ At§m«p hnfn¡p¶Xpw B hnfw_c¯n IÀi\ambn \ntcm[n¨p.”12 aäp Nne CÉmwaX]ÞnX·mcpw CXpt]msebpÅ A`n {]mb§Ä ]dªn«pv. CXp icnbmsW¦n apl½ZpXs¶ ASnaIsf kq£n¡pambncp¶nÃ. bYmÀ°¯n ASnaItfmSp Å s]cpamä¯n Ipsdsbms¡ Zbbpw a\pjyXzhpw DmIW sa¶p am{Xta At±lw Dt±in¨n«pÅq F¶v JpÀB³ \njv]£ _p²ntbmsS hmbn¡p¶hÀ¡p a\ÊnemIpw. JpÀB³ temImh km\whscbpÅ hnizmknIÄ¡p thn X¿mdm¡nb aX{KÙ amsW¶p ]dbp¶hÀ Xs¶bmWv, Ggmw iXI¯nse {]tXyI ]cnXØnXnbnemWv \_n ASna¯s¯ AwKoIcn¨sX¶v ]d bp¶Xv. Fs¶¦nepw ASna¯w CÃmXm¡Wsat¶m AXn\p Ignbpsat¶m JpÀBsâ IÀ¯mhv IcpXnbncp¶nÃ. A§s\ Nn´n¨ncps¶¦n AXp hyàambn ]dbpambncp¶p. AXn\p] Icw apl½Zp sNbvXXv ASnaIfpsS \ne sa¨s¸Sp¯m³ DX Ip¶ Nne D]tZi§Ä \ÂIpIbmWv. AX\pkcn¨mWv ]n ¡mes¯ apÉow \nba§Ä cq]oIcn¡s¸«Xv. Hcp CÉmw hn Úm\tImi¯n ]dbp¶p: “XmXznIambn ASnaIÄ¡v bmsXmcp \nbamhImi§fpanÃ. apl½Z³ \nba{]Imcw AhcpsS bPam\sâ DSaØXbnepÅ hkvXp¡Ä am{XamWv. AbmÄ¡v ASnasb hn¡pItbm k½m\w \ÂIpItbm kv{Xo[\ambn sImSp¡pItbm aäphn[ 110
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
¯n D]tbmKn¡pItbm sN¿mw. \nba¯nsâ ZrjvSnbn Fs´¦nepw \nbaw Dm¡p¶Xn\v AhÀ A{]m]vXcmWv. AXpsImv Fs´¦nepw NpaXe GsäSp¡mt\m, acW]{Xsa gpXmt\m, BcpsSsb¦nepw c£mIÀXrXztasäSp¡mt\m AhÀ A\phZn¡s¸Sp¶nÃ. AhÀ Dm¡p¶sXÃmw bPam\\v Ah Imis¸«XmWv. Hcp \nbat¡mSXbn km£n ]dbm\pw ASna bv¡v AhImianÃ.... ASnaIÄ¡pw DSaIÄ¡pw X½n \nba {]Imcw hnhmlw ]mSnÃ. ssewKnI_ÔamImw. aäpÅhcpambn AhÀ hnhmlw sN¿p¶Xv \nba]camWv. DSaØcpsS A\phmZ t¯msS am{Xta AhÀ hnhmlw sN¿m³ ]mSpÅq. an¡ \nba Ú·mcptSbpw A`n{]mbw ASnaIÄ¡v cp `mcyamcn IqSp X (kzX{´tcm ASnaItfm) ]mSnÃ. amenss¡äpIfpsS A`n{]mbw kzX{´cmb Al½Zobtct¸mse AhÀ¡pw \mep `mcyamÀ BImsa¶mWv. kzX{´cmb hyànItft¸mse ASna bpw kv{Xo[\w sImSp¡Ww. ASnakv{Xobv¡p In«p¶ kv{Xo[\ ¯nsâ AhImihpw AhfpsS bPam\\mWv; ASnabv¡v kz¯p m¡m³ A\phmZanÃtÃm... AhÄ¡pmIp¶ Ip«nbpsS DSaØXbpw bPam\\mWv.”13
D½v AÂhemZv ASna kv{XoIsf sh¸m«nIfmbn kzoIcn¡p¶ ]Xnhv CÉmw aXmcw`¯n\p ap¼pXs¶ Atd_ybnepmbncp¶p. A§s\ bpmIp¶ _Ô¯n P\n¡p¶ Ip«nIÄ¡v AÑsâ kz¯n t\m, ]n´pSÀ¨bvt¡m AhImiapmbncp¶nÃ. B Ip«nIÄ¡v Aѳ A\phZn¨m kzmX{´yw e`n¨ncp¶p F¶p am{Xw. C¯ cw _Ô§fn \n¶v B kv{Xo¡v bmsXmcp sa¨hpw Dmbncp ¶panÃ. ‘D½qÂ_\nÂ’ (B¬Ip«nIfpsS A½) Ft¶m, ‘D½q hemZv’ (Ip«nIfpsS A½) Ft¶m ChÀ Adnbs¸«p. Cu ØnXn ¡v apl½Zv sNdnsbmcp amäw hcp¯n. sh¸m«nIfnembmepw P\n¡p ¶ Ip«n ]nXmhnsâ hwiP\mbncn¡psa¶v. CuPn]vjy³ ASnabmb amcn¿mbn At±l¯n\v C{_mlnw Fs¶mcp Ip«n bpmbt¸mÄ; Ahsc \_n kzX{´bm¡pIbpw sNbvXp.14 ]n¡mes¯ Nne Jmen^mamÀt]mepw C§s\ P\n¨n«p s{X.15 111
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
ASna kv{XoIfpambpÅ C¯cw _ԧġv ]n¡me¯v CÉman Nne \nb{´W§Ä Dmbn. bqZaX¡mcntbm, {Inkv Xym\ntbm apÉotam AÃm¯, _lpssZhhnizmknIfmb ASna Isf sh¸m«nIfmbn kzoIcn¡cpsX¶pÅXmbncp¶p AXv. B[p\nI jm^nIfmIs« AXn Xs¶ bqZtcbpw {InkvXym\n Itfbpw Hgnhm¡n. AhÀ aX{KÙ§fn Ir{Xnaw sNbvXv _lp ssZhhnizmknIfmsb¶mWv AhcpsS A`n{]mbw. apÉo§fmb ASnakv{XoIsf kzoIcn¡p¶Xn Ahcpw sXäp ImWp¶nÃ.16
ASnahntamN\w ASna¯ k{¼Zmbw Ahkm\n¸n¡p¶Xn\v Blzm\w sN¿p Itbm Hcp \S]SnsbSp¡pItbm sNbvXnsænepw ASnaIsf tamNn¸n¡p¶Xv Hcp ]pWyIÀ½amtbm {]mbÝn¯amtbm At± lw \nÝbn¨ncp¶p. Xmsg sImSp¡p¶ JpÀB³ hmIy§Ä AXn\p sXfnhmWv. “C\n hà ‘kXyhnizm’kntbbpw A_²ambn hÃh\pw h[n ¨pt]mbm Hcp kXyhnizmknbmb ASnasb kzX{´\mt¡ XmWv.”17 “C\n h[n¡s¸«h³ \n§fpsS i{XpkapZmb¯nÂs]« h\pw (AtXbhkc¯nÂ) Hcp apÉoapamWv. F¶n«p i{Xpsh ¶p [cn¨v Ahs\ \n§Ä sIm¶p F¶m B apÉow ASnasb kzX{´\mt¡XmWv. h[n¡s¸«h³ \n§fpambn kÔnbn Pohn¡p¶ Hcp kapZmb¯n s]«h\msW¦n Ahsâ IpSpw _§Ä¡v \jvS]cnlmcw \ÂIpIbpw (AXn\p]pdta) Hcp kXyhnizmknbmb ASnasb kzX{´\m¡pIbpw sNt¿ XmWv.”18 “(C\n a\x]qÀÆw sNbvXn«pÅ kXys¯ ewLn¡Wsa¶p hcp¶]£w) AXn\pÅ {]mbÝn¯w, \n§fpsS IpSpw_¯n\p \n§Ä \ÂIp¶ Blmc§fn sh¨v a[y\nebnepÅ Blm cw ]¯v AKXnIÄ¡v \ÂIemWv. Asæn AhÀ¡v hkv{Xw \ÂItem Asæn HcSnasb kzX{´\m¡tem BWv. ”19 ChnsSsbms¡ tamNn¸n¡m³ ]dbp¶Xv apÉow ASnaIsf am{XamWv. {]hmNIsâ ZrjvSnbn aäpÅ ASnaIÄ¡v bmsXmcp 112
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
hnebpanÃ! apÉoamb ASnasb tamNn¸n¨mtem? _pJmcn C§ s\ tcJs¸Sp¯p¶p: “A_plpssä(d)bn \n¶v \nthZ\w. hÃh\pw apÉoamb HcSnasb kzX{´\m¡n hn«m B ASnabpsS Hmtcm AwK ¯n\pw {]Xn^eambn Chsâ Hmtcm AwKt¯bpw \cIin £bn \n¶p AÃmlp tamNn¸n¡pw.”20 ASnaItfmSv {Iqcambn s]cpamdp¶Xns\ apl½Zv \_n FXnÀ¯ncp¶p. Xmsg sImSp¡p¶ cp lZokpIÄ AXp sXfn bn¡p¶p. “A_plpssä(d) bn \n¶p \nthZ\w. Xncpta\n (k) Acp fn.‘\nsâ \mY\v Blmcw sImSp¡q’, ‘\nsâ \mY\v hpfp Dm ¡m³ klmbn¡pI’, ‘\nsâ \mY¶v ]m\obsaSp¯p sImSp¡q’ Fs¶m¶pw \n§fnemcpw ]dbcpXv. ‘Fsâ bPam\³;’ ‘Fsâ DStbm³’ Ft¶m atäm ]dªpsImÅs«. A{]ImcwXs¶ ‘F sâ ASna’, ‘Fsâ shÅm«n’ F¶pw \n§fnemcpw ]dbcpXv. ‘Fsâ `rXy³’, ‘Fsâ `rXy’,‘Fsâ ]cnNmcI³’ Fs¶ms¡ ]dªpsImÅs«.”21 “A_plpssä(d)bn \n¶p \nthZ\w; Xncpta\n (k) Acpfn. \n§fnemcpsSsb¦nepw ASp¡Â Xsâ `rXy³ Blm chpambn hcpt¼mÄ Ahs\¡qSn Xsâ IqsSbncp¯nbnsà ¦nÂ, Ht¶m ctm ]nSn `£Ww Ah\p \ÂIpIsb¦nepw sN¿s«. AXv A²zm\n¨v ]mNIw sNbvXXv Ah\mWtÃm.”22 ASnaItfmSv acymZbmbn s]cpamdWsa¶pw ASnaIsf tamNn¸n¡p¶Xp ]pWyamsW¶pw ]dªXv apl½Zp\_nbpsS Hcp KpWamsW¶p ]dbmsa¦nepw At±l¯n\pap¼pw CÉmw aX¯n\p ]pd¯pw B KpWapÅ aämfpIÄ Dmbncp¶p. lZo kpIfnÂXs¶ AXn\p sXfnhpIfpv. _pJmcnbn \n¶v Hcp `mKw D²cn¡mw: “l¡nw (d)bn \n¶p \nthZ\w. At±lw Hcn¡Â Xncpta \ntbmSp tNmZn¨p: Rm³ AÚmXIme¯v ]pWyIÀ½sa¶ \nebv¡v Zm\w sN¿pIbpw ASnaIsf tamNn¸n¨phnSpIbpw IpSpw__Ôw ]peÀ¯pIbpw sN¿mdpmbncp¶p. ssZhZq Xsc! A§p¶v F´v Acpfp¶p? F\n¡p {]Xn^ew e`n¡ptam?” 113
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
Xncpta\n Acpfn: “ap¼v (Pmlnen¯nsâ Ime¯v) \nÀÆln¨ kpIrX§tfmSpIqSn¯s¶ \o CÉman {]thin¨ncn¡p¶Xv.” blqZ·mcpsSbnSbnepw CXpt]mse ASna hntamN\w \S ¶ncp¶p. blqZ·mcmb ASnaIÄ¡v A\yaX¡mcmb ASnaIsf ¡mÄ IqSpX B\pIqey§fpw \ÂIs¸«ncp¶p.
apl½Zv\_nbpw ASnakv{XoIfpw ASnaItfmSv s]mXpth C¯cw A\p`mh]qÀWamb at\m`mhw {]ISn¸n¨ncp¶psh¦nepw bp²cwK¯psht¨m AÃmsXtbm XShpImsc ASnaIfmbn ]nSn¡p¶Xn At±l¯n\v Hcp aSn bpw Dmbncp¶nÃ. a\pjykvt\lnbmb Hcp hyànbmbn«Ã, Hcp t]mcmfnbmbn«mWv apl½Zv ImWs¸«ncp¶Xv. Xmsg sImSp ¡p¶ lZokv {i²n¡pI: ‘k A_v’(d) \n¶p \nthZ\w. Xncpta\n (k) ‘A_hm CÂ’ sh¨v (Asæn h±m\nÂ) Fsâ AcnIneqsS t]mbn. At¶cw Hcp hnjbs¯¡pdn¨v Xncpta\ntbmSp tNmZn¨p. cm{Xn kab§fn _lpssZh hnizmknIfpsS Hcp hoSv B{Ian¡ s¸Sp¶p. At¶cw AhcpsS kv{XoIÄ¡pw Ip«nIÄ¡pw B] ¯p kw`hn¡m³ CShcp¶p. AXns\¡pdn¨v F´mWhnSp¶p \nÀt±in¡p¶Xv? Xncpta\n (k) Acpfn: “B kv{XoIfpw Ip«n Ifpw B _lpssZhhnizmknIfn s]«hÀ Xs¶bmWtÃm. AÃmlphn\pw Ahsâ ZqX\paÃmsX ta¨n Øew Øm]n ¡m³ A[nImcansöv Xncpta\n(k) Acpfp¶Xpw Rm³ tI«p.”23 C§s\ kv{XoItfbpw B{IaW¯n\p Ip«nItfbpw hnt[b cm¡nb asämcp kw`hhpw _pJmcn tcJs¸Sp¯p¶pv: “A\kv (d)bn \n¶p \nthZ\w. Xncpta\n (k) ssJ_À B{Ian¨ L«¯n AhnsS sh¨mWv R§Ä kp_vln \akvI cn¨Xv. At¸mÄ t\cw icn¡p ]peÀ¶pIgnªn«pmbncp¶nÃ. F¶n«v Xncpta\n hml\¯ntedn.... AhnSs¯ \nhmknIÄ AhcpsS tPmenIÄ¡pthn ]pd¯nd§nbt¸mÄ CXm apl ½Zpw ]«mfhpw F¶v A¼ct¸msS AhÀ ]dbm³ XpS§n. A\kv ]dbp¶p, Ahkm\w iànsImmWv R§Ä ssJ_À 114
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
Pbn¨S¡nbXv. F¶n«v bp²¯ShpImscsbÃmw Hcp Øe¯v Hcpan¨p Iq«n. At¸mÄ ‘ssZhZqXsc!’ Cu bp²¯ShpImcn \n¶v Hcp s]¬InSmhns\ F\n¡p XcWsa¶t]£n¨psImv Znlyp¯v h¶p. t]mbn Hcp s]¬InSmhns\ \osbSp¯psImÅp Isb¶p Xncpta\n A\phZn¨p. At¸mÄ lpb¿nsâ aIÄ k^n ¿msbbmWv At±lw GsäSp¯Xv. DSs\ HcmÄ Xncpta\nbpsS ASp¡Â h¶n«p DWÀ¯n, ‘ssZhZqXsc! Jpssdf, \fodv F¶o cp tKm{X§fn D¶X Øm\¯ncn¡p¶ Hcp alXnsb þ k^n¿sb þ ChnS¶v Gev]n¨psImSp¯Xv Znlvb¯n\mWtÃm. hmkvXh¯n B s]®v Xm¦Ä¡ÃmsX A\ptbmPybmhp IbnÃ’. CXptI«t¸mÄ ‘Znly¯ns\ hnfn¡pI’sb¶v Xncpta\n Acpfn. F¶n«v Xncpta\n Ahsf _Ôhnapàbm¡nbn«v hnhm lw sNbvXp.”24 CXpt]mse asämcp bp²s¯XpSÀ¶mWv Pqsshcnb F¶ `mcytbbpw apl½Zv kzoIcn¡p¶Xv. C§s\ ]Xns\m¶p `mcy amÀ Dmbncp¶ apl½Zn\v amcn¿m XpÂIn_vXn¿, ssdl\m, kpsseJ XpS§nb \mep sh¸m«nIfpw Dmbncp¶p.25 CXn\p ]pdta bp²¯ShpImcmb kv{XoItfbpw At±lw Xsâ Imak ¼qÀ¯n¡v D]tbmKn¨ncp¶Xmbpw ImWmw.26 apl½Zn\ptijw `cWw \S¯nbncp¶ Jen^mamcpw aäp apÉow `cWm[nImcnIfpw kv{XoItfmSpw ASnaItfmSpw GXmv CtX \ne]mSpXs¶bmWv XpSÀ¶ncp¶Xv. C¶pw ASna¯w \ne\n¡p¶Xv Npcp¡w Nne Ad_n cmPy§fnemWv. kv{Xo tbmSv apl½Zp \_n¡pmbncp¶ kao]\w ASp¯ A[ymb ¯n hnhcn¡p¶pv.
115
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
References: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
JpÀB³, 16:75 Ibid., 2: 178 X^vkodp JpÀB³, ]c¸\§mSn (1981) t]Pv 30. JpÀB³, 4:25 hnip² JpÀB³ hnhcWw (H¶mw ]IpXn, aq¶mw hmeyw), tImgnt¡m«v (1981), t]Pv 73. 6. klolp _pJmcn (kn.F³. Al½Zv auehnbpsS XÀÖa) tImgnt¡mSv (1970), lZokv, 1480. 7. Ibid., lZokv, 81 8. JpÀB³ 9. Ibid., 33:50 10. Ibid., 4:24 11. Roberts, Robert, The Social Laws of the Qoran, (New Delhi, 1978), p.11; Hughes, Thomas Patric, Dictionary of Islam, (London, 1885). 12. auehn, kn.F³. Al½Zv, CÉmw Hcp ka{K]T\w, (tImgnt¡mSv, 1976), t]Pv, 333. 13. Shorter Encyclopaedia of Islam, (Leiden, 1953). pp-3. 14. Ibid. 15. Ibid, p. 602 17. JpÀB³, 4:92. 18. Ibid. 19. Ibid., 5:89 20. klolp _pJmcn, lZokv : 1102 21. Ibid., lZokv : 1110 22. Ibid., lZokv : 1111 23. Ibid., lZokv : 1254 24. Ibid., lZokv : 235 25. A_p, apÉow cmPy Ncn{Xw, t]Pv 23. 26. JpÀB³, 33:50
116
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
9 {Iqcamb in£mk{¼Zmb§Ä apÉow cmPy§fn \S¡p¶ {Iqchpw {]mIrXhpamb in£mk {¼Zmb§sf¸änbpÅ hnhc§Ä tIÄ¡pt¼mÄ ]cnjvIrXcm b BfpIÄ sR«nt¸mImdpv. tamjvSn¡p¶hsâ ssI sh«pI, hy`nNcn¡p¶hsc Fdnªp sImÃpI, hoªp IpSn¡p¶hsc s]mXpØe¯psh¨v ASn¡pI XpS§nbh AXn NneXp am{XamWv. Cu \nba§Äs¡Ãmw ASnØm\w JpÀBs\m lZo kpItfm BWv. AXnsâ ASnØm\¯n h¶ hymJym\§fpw CXnÂs]Spw. Ahsb sam¯¯n icn A¯v \nba§Ä F¶p hnfn¡p¶p. Ahsb¸än Hcp apÉow ]ÞnX³ hnhcn¡p¶Xv C§s\bmWv: “icn A¯v F¶m imcn Csâ \nba§fmWv. AXnsâ auenIXXz§Ä {][m\ambpw \mep Imcy§fn HXp§n\n ¡p¶p. Ah InXm_v, kp¶¯v, CPvamAv, Jnbmkv F¶o \mep e£y§fmWv. Ahbn {]Yahpw {][m\hpambXv AÃmlp hnsâ InXm_mb hnip² JpÀB³ BWs{X. AXnsâ hymJym \klnXapÅ Dt±iw {]hmNI\mb apl½Zp\_n(k)bn \n¶v klm_¯phgn e`n¨n«pÅXpw Ah ]qÀÆnI·mcmb ap^ ÊndpIÄ tcJs¸Sp¯nbn«pÅXpamWv.... cmas¯ auenI XXzw dkqÂIcnw(k)bpsS Xncpkp¶¯pIfmWv. \_n(k)bp sS {]hr¯nIÄ, \nÀt±i§Ä, au\m\phmZ§Ä F¶nhbv¡m Wv AhnSps¯ NcyIÄ F¶ AÀ°¯n kp¶¯pIÄ F¶p ]dbp¶Xv.... kp¶¯pIsf lZokpIsf¶pw ]dªphcp¶p... aq¶mas¯ auenIe£yw CPvam BWv. \_n (k)bpsS Ime tijw Hcp Ime¯pÅ apPvXlnZpIfmb ]ÞnX·mscÃmw Hcp 117
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
Imcy¯n tbmPn¡pI F¶pÅXmWv... \memas¯ auenI e£yw JnbmkmWv. hyàamb hn[n JpÀB\n \nt¶m kp¶ ¯n \nt¶m e`n¡m¯ Hcp hnjb¯n h¶ hn[nsb _m[ Iam¡pI F¶XmWv JnbmkvsImv Dt±in¡s¸«n«pÅXv.... {]kvXpX \mep auenIe£y§fpsS ASnØm\¯n ]qÀÆnI ]ÞnX·mÀ tcJs¸Sp¯nsh¨ hn[nIÄ¡pw \nba§Ä¡p amWv icn A¯p \nba§Ä F¶p ]dbp¶Xv.”1 Jnbmkv F¶ ]Z¯nsâ ]cymbamWv CPvXnlmZv. JpÀB\n tâbpw lZokpIfptSbpw ASnØm\¯n ]ÞnX·mÀ Hmtcm Ipä¯n\pw \ÂtI in£Ifpw aäpw tcJs¸Sp¯nsh¨p. Ch sb ‘^nJvlv’ F¶p hnfn¡p¶p. JpÀB\pw lZokpIfpw Ign ªm apÉo§sf kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfw hfsc {][m\s¸«h bmWv Ch. IpSpw_PohnXw, hyàn_Ôw, aXImcy§Ä, sImSp ¡Â hm§Â XpS§nbhsb kw_Ôn¨pÅ FÃm \nba§fpw ^nJvln s]Spw.2 shdpw Hcp tKm{XcmPysa¶ \nebnÂ\n¶pw henb km{amPyambn CÉmw hfÀ¶t¸mÄ \nba§Ä t{ImUoI cnt¡Xv AhÀ¡mhiyambn. kndnbbnepw aZo\bnepw Cdm ¡nepsams¡ AXn\pthnbpÅ {ia§Ä XpSÀ¶p. C§s\ \nba§Ä t{ImUoIcn¨hcn {]apJÀ A_pl\o^ (lnPvd 80þ150), Camw amenIv (ln. 90þ179), amw AlvaZv (ln. 164þ241) F ¶nhcmWv. ChcpsS IrXnIsf ‘aZvl_pIÄ’ F¶p hnfn¡p¶p. lnPvd \memw \qämn\ptijw aZvl_pIÄ Dmbn«nÃ. CÉmw aX¯nse \nba§Ä Bbncw hÀj§Ä¡pap¼p cq]oIcn¨ XmWv. AXn amäw hcp¯m³ ]mSnsömWv bmYmØnXnI apÉo§ fpsS ]£w. t\sc adn¨v Ime¯n\\pkcn¨v AXn amä§Ä hcp¯msa¶p hmZn¡p¶hcpw [mcmfamWv . hfsc hn]peamb Hcp hnjbamWv CÉmanse in£m\nba§Ä. Ahsb¸än ka{Kambn hnhcn¡phm³ ChnsS \nhr¯nbnÃ. F¦nepw Hcp Imcyw XoÀ¨bmWv. {]mNo\ tKm{XhÀK¡mÀ¡nS bn \ne\n¶ncp¶ {Iqcamb in£mk{¼Zmb§fpsS XpSÀ ¨bmWXv. Nne {][m\ Ipä§Ä¡p hn[n¡p¶ in£Isf¸än am{Xw ChnsS hnhcn¡mw. 118
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
aXhntcm[nIÄ CÉmwaXs¯ FXnÀ¡p¶hÀ¡pw B aX¯n tNÀ¶Xn\p tijw AXn \n¶p hn«pt]mIp¶hÀ¡pw ITn\amb in£ bmWv \_nbpw A\pbmbnIfpw hn[n¨ncp¶Xv. “AÃmlphnt\mSpw Ahsâ ZqXt\mSpw kacw sN¿pIbpw `qanbn Ipg¸apm¡phm\mbn HmSn\S¡pIbpw sN¿p¶hÀ ¡pÅ {]Xn^ew Ahsc h[n¡pItbm {Iqin¡pItbm Ahcp sS ssIImepIÄ Hmtcm¶nShn«p apdn¡pItbm Asæn (Ah cpsS P·`qanbn \n¶v Ahsc \mSpIS¯pItbm am{XamWv. ”3 “_lp ssZhhnizmknIsf ImWpt¶S¯psh¨v sIm¶p If bpI, (kuIcyw In«pt¼mÄ) Ahsc XShpImcmbn ]nSn¡pI. (AhcpsS KXn ap«nt¡Xn¶v) Ahsc hfbpI. ]Xnbncn¡p hm³ ]änb FÃm Øe§fnepw Ahsc ]nSnIqSphm³ ]Xnbncn ¡pI.”4 “kXyhnizmknItf! _lp ssZhhnizmknIÄ Aip²cmWv. AXpsImv BZcWobamb tZhmebs¯ Cs¡mïn\pti jw AhÀ kao]n¡(t]mepw) AcpXv.”5 “AXpsImv kXy\ntj[nIsf (bp²thfbnÂ) \n§Ä Ipap«nbm ]ncSn¡p sh«ns¡mÅpI.”6 “(kXyhnizmknIsf!) AÃmlphnepw A´yZn\¯nepw hniz kn¡m¯hcpw AÃmlphpw Xsâ ZqX\pw \ntcm[n¨Xv \njn² am¡n shbv¡m¯hcpw kXyaX¯n\p Iogvs]«p Pohn¡m¯ hcpamb thZ¡mtcmSv (bp²w sN¿p¶XnÂ) Ipäsam¶panÃ. AhÀ Ct§m«v B{Ian¡p¶]£w AhtcmSv At§m«pw bp²w sNbvXpsImÅpI. AhÀ (Bbp[wsh¨v) CÉmansâ `cW¯n\p Iogvs¸SpIbpw (AXn¶p ZrjvSm´ambn AhcpsS Ignhn \n¶v Pnknb (\nIpXn) XcnIbpw sN¿p¶Xphsc \n§Ä bp²w XpS tcXmWv.”7 “hÃh\pw CÉmsamgn¨v aäp hà aXhpat\zjn¡p¶ps¦n AXv (Hcn¡epw) Ahsâ ]¡Â\n¶p kzoIcn¡s¸SpIbnÃ.”8 “kXyhnizmknIsf! \n§sf D·qe\w sN¿m³ KqVmtem N\ sNbvXpsImncn¡p¶ PqX·mscbpw {InkvXym\nIsfbpw Bßan{X§fpw klmbnIfpam¡n shbv¡cpXv... A{IanIfmb 119
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
A¯cw P\§Ä¡v AÃmlp amÀKZÀi\w \ÂIpIbnÃ.”9 “Xncpta\n (k) Acpfn.... Xm³ kzoIcn¨ CÉmwaXs¯bpw apÉow kaqls¯bpw shSnªp t]mIp¶hs\ h[n¡mw.”10
tamjWw tamjW¡pä¯n\v hfsc ISp¯ in£IfmWv CÉmwaXw hn[n ¡p¶Xv. JpÀB³ hN\w ImWpI: “tamjvSn¡p¶h\pw tamjvSn¡p¶hfpw {]hÀ¯n¨Xn\pÅ {]Xn^eambpw Ahsc ]mTw ]Tn¸n¡p¶hn[w AÃmlphn¦Â \n¶pÅ in£bmbpw AhÀ cp t]cptSbpw ssIIÄ \n§Ä apdn¨p IfbpI.”11 apl½Zv C¯cw in£mk{¼Zmb§Ä Iptd¡qSn {Iqcambn «mWv \S¸m¡nbncp¶Xv. Hcn¡Â \_nbpsS H«I¡mcs\ sIm ¶n«v Dssd\ tKm{X¯nse NnebmfpIÄ At±l¯nsâ H«I§ sf sXfn¨psImpt]mbn. XpSÀ¶pmb kw`h§Ä ‘klo lp _pJmcn’bn hnhcn¡p¶Xv C§s\bmWv: “]peÀ¨bv¡pXs¶ Xncpta\n¡v B hnhcw In«n. Xncpta\n Ahsc ]nSn¡m³ Bsf Ab¨p. kqcy³ Iptd s]m§n¡gnª t¸mtg¡v Ahsc sImph¶p. DSs\ AhcpsS I¿pw Imepw apdn¡m\pw AhcpsS I®p s]m«n¡m\pw Ahsc Np«p]gp¯ IÃn InS¯m\pw Iev]n¨p. At¶cw AhÀ shůn¶t]£n ¨psImncp¶p. ]t£, AhÀ¡p shÅw \ÂInbnÃ.”12 I¿pw Imepw sh«n, I®pw s]m«n¨v Hcmsf Np«p]gp¯ IÃn InS¯ns¡mÃpI! B kab¯v Hcnäp shÅwt]mepw sImSp¡m Xncn¡pI!! C{X ss]imNnIamb in£m\S]Sn GXm\pw H«I §sf tamjvSn¨Xn\msW¶v HmÀ¡Ww. B hn[n Iev]n¨bm fnsâ Ncn{Xw FSp¯p t\m¡nbmtem? F{Xsb{X sImÅI fmWv apl½Zpw A\pbmbnIfpw IqSn \S¯nbn«pÅXv! \nch[n A d_n tKm{X§tfbpw bqZ-ss{IkvXh IpSpw_§tfbpw sImÅ bSn¡p¶Xn\v apl½Zv t\XrXzw \ÂInbn«pv. am{XaÃ, A§ s\ sImÅbSn¨p In«p¶Xn A©nsem¶v Xsâ hnlnX ambn At±lw ssI¸äpIbpw sNbvXncp¶p F¶pÅXn\pw JpÀ B\n Xs¶ sXfnhpv.13 apl½Zpw A\pbmbnIfpw IqSn 120
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
\S¯nb sImÅIfpsS ]e IYIfpw lZokpIfn ImWmw. apÉo§Ä¡v Ifhv BImsa¶v Hcn¡Â \_n ]dªXv AXp sImmhmw. klolp _pJmcnbn C§s\ ImWp¶p: Xncpta\n (k) Acpfn; Fsâ \mY¦Â \n¶p, Fsâ ASp¡Â HcmÄ h¶p. F¶ns«t¶mSp ]dªp: “AÃmlphnsâ A[nImcm hImi§fn aämscbpw ]¦p tNÀ¡msX Fsâ kapZmb¯n s]« hÃh\pw acWaSªm Ah³ kzÀK¯n {]thin¨p Ignªp.” Rm³ (A_qZÀdv) tNmZn¨p: “Ah³ Ifhp \S¯pI bpw hy`nNcn¡pIbpw sNbvXmepw kzÀK¯n {]thin¡ptam?” Xncpta\n Acpfn: “AsX, Ah³ tamjvSn¡pIbpw hy`nNcn¡p Ibpw sNbvXmepw kzÀK¯n {]thin¡pw.”14
hy`nNmcw
“\n§Ä hy`nNmcs¯ kao]n¡pI (t]mepw) AcpXv. AXp \oNIrXyhpw Zpjn¨ amÀKhpamIp¶p”14 F¶v JpÀB\n hyà ambn ]dªn«pv. Ahbv¡p \ÂtI in£bpw JpÀ B\n hyàam¡p¶p: “hy`nNcn¡p¶ kv{Xo, ]pcpj³ Chcntemtcmcp¯tcbpw \qdp hoXw ASn¡pI. AÃmlphnsâ \nbaw \S¸nÂhcp¯p t¼mÄ AhÀ cpt]cptSbpw Imcy¯n \n§Ä¡v Zb tXm ¶mXncn¡s«.”16 hy`nNmc¯n\v ASnin£ am{Xta JpÀB\n hn[n¡p¶p Åq. F¶m apl½ZpXs¶ hy`nNmcnIsf IsÃdnªp sImÃm³ IÂ]n¨Xmbn lZokpIfn hnhcn¡p¶p: “PqX·mÀ Xncpta\n (k)bpsS ASp¡Â h¶n«v AhcpsS Iq«¯nse Hcp kv{Xobpw ]pcpj\pw hy`nNcn¨Xmbn tIkp ]dªp. At¶cw Xncpta\n (k) AhtcmSp tNmZn¨p: “Fdnªp sImÃp¶ in£sb¸än \n§fpsS thZ{KÙamb Xudm¯n F´mWv \n§Ä In«pÅXv?” AhÀ ]dªp: “R§fhsc A]am\n¡pw. Nm«hmdpsImSn¡pIbpw sN¿pw.” DSs\ A_vZp Ãmlphn\v kemw (d) ]dªp: “IÅamWp \n§Ä ]dbp¶Xv. FdnªpsImÃm³ hn[nbptÃm.” At¸mÄ AhÀ Xudm¯v sImph¶p \nhÀ¯n. F¶n«v Ahcn Hcp¯³ Fdnªp 121
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
sImÃm\pÅ hn[n Ccn¡p¶ hmIy¯n³aosX Xsâ ssI sh¨p. F¶n«v AXn\pap¼pw tijhpapÅ `mK§Ä hmbn¨p. At¶cw A_vZpÃmln_v\p kemw (d) Aht\mSp ]dªp: “\o \nsâ ssI FSp¡q” Ah³ Xsâ ssI DbÀ¯n. At¸mgXm AhnsS Fdnªp sImÃm\pÅ hn[nbpv. At¶cw PqX·mÀ ]dªp: “CbmÄ ]dªXv kXyamWv apl½Zv, AXn FdnªpsImÃm \pÅ hn[nbpv.” A§s\ AhÀ cpt]scbpw Xncpta\n (k) Iev]n¨X\pkcn¨v FdnªpsIm¶p.”17 \_n \S¸m¡nb asämcp in£bnXmWv. Pqssl\nbm tKm{X ¡mcnbmb Hcp kv{Xo dkqensâ k¶n[nbn h¶v C§s\ t_m[n¸n¡pIbpmbn: “AÃmlphnsâ {]hmNIsc! Rm³ hy`nNmcin£bv¡v AÀlbmbncn¡p¶p. B in£ AhnSp¶v Fsâ ta \S¯pI. Rm³ KÀ`nWnbpamWv.” DSs\ B kv{Xo bpsS c£IÀ¯mhns\ hnfn¨p Xncpta\n C{]Imcw Iev]n¨p. “Chsf {]khw Ignbp¶Xphsc k{i²w kwc£n¡pI. {]k hm\´cw Fsâ ASp¡Â sImphcnI.” {]khw Ignª tijw B kv{Xosb Xncpta\nbpsS k¶n[nbn sImph¶p. Xncpta\n Ahsf Fdnªp sImÃphm³ Iev]n¨ {]Imcw Fdnb s¸SpIbpw AXn AhÄ sImÃs¸SpIbpw sNbvXp.”18 C\n asämcp kw`hw: CamCkv(d) dkqen (k) sâ k¶n[n bn BKX\mbn t_m[n¸n¨p. “AÃmlphnsâ ZqXsc! Rm³ hy`nNcn¨ncn¡p¶p. AXn\pÅ {]Xn{Inb Fsâ ta \S¯n bmepw. in£bn \n¶v Hgnhm¡phm\mbn At±lt¯mSv Nne tNmZy§Ä AhnS¶p tNmZn¨psh¦nepw in£bv¡v AÀl\mbn ¯otcnh¶p. At±ls¯ ‘_¡oD DdIZv’ F¶ Øe¯p sImpt]mbn ItÃdv Bcw`n¨p. {]mWthZ\aqew At±lw HmSn. F¦nepw GdpImÀ At±ls¯ Fdnªphogv¯pIXs¶ sNbv Xp.”19 JpÀB\pw lZokpIfpw {i²m]qÀÆw hmbn¡p¶ HcmÄ¡v, hy`nNmc¯n\v C{X I\¯ in£ \ÂIm³ apl½Zn\pÅ Ah Imis¯¸än kwibw tXm¶pw. hnhmlnX\mb Hcp ]pcpjt\m kv{Xotbm kz´w CWbpambÃmsX \S¯p¶ ssewKnI_Ô ¯n\mWv km[mcWbmbn hy`nNmcw F¶p ]dbp¶Xv. B AÀ 122
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
°¯nemsW¦n ]Xns\m¶p `mcyamcpmbncp¶ apl½Zv, B hnhml_Ô§fpsS ]pd¯v F{Xb[nIw kv{XoIfpambn _Ôs¸«p! Hchkc¯n l^vk F¶ `mcybpsS ho«nÂsh¨v the¡mcnbpambn At±lw ssewKnI_Ôw \S¯nb IY ap¼p Nqn¡m«nbn«pv.20 bp²¯n XShpImcmbn ]nSn¨n«pÅ kv {XoIfpambpw ]nXrktlmZc ]p{XnIfpw amXrktlmZc ]p{XnI fpsams¡bmbn At±lw ssewKnI_Ôw ]peÀ¯nbncp¶p. 21 B \nebn hy`nNmc¯n\pÅ in£bv¡v Gähpw AÀl³ apl½Zp\_nbmsW¶phcpw.
cXnsshIrX§Ä kzhÀKkwt`mKw, hZ\kpcXw, Kplyt`mKw XpS§nb Ipä§Ä ¡pw ISp¯ in£ JpÀB³ Iev]n¨n«pv. “\n§fpsS kv{XoIfnÂsh¨v ZpÀhr¯nbn {]thin¡p¶hÀ s¡Xncmbn, \n§fnepÅ \mep t]sc km£n \ndp¯pI. A§ s\ AhÀ km£n\n¶pIgnªm acWw AhcpsS BbpÊv Ahkm\n¸n¡pItbm Asæn AÃmlp AhÀ¡v (B ZpÀhr ¯nbn \n¶v tamN\w t\Sm\pÅ aäp) amÀKw Xpd¶psImSp ¡pItbm sN¿pwhtcbv¡pw Ahsc hoSpIfn XSªp \ndp ¯pI.”22 hrXrkvXamb Fs´¦nepw cXnioew ImWn¨ kv{Xosb Poh ]cy´w XShnenSWas{X! C\n ]pcpj\mWv A§s\ sN¿p¶ sX¦ntem? “\n§fnÂsh¨v AXn (ZpÀhr¯nbnÂ) {]thin¡p¶ cp ]pcpj·msc (DNnXamb \S]SnIÄ aqew) hnjan¸n¡pI. ]n¶oSv AhÀ cp t]cpw ]Ým¯]n¡pIbpw (PohnXw) \¶m ¡n¯oÀ¡pIbpw sNbvsX¦n Ahsc hnSpI.”22
AÃmlpsh¶ {Iqc³ {Iqcamb in£mk{¼Zmb§Ä GÀs¸Sp¯nb apl½Zp\_n bpsS `mh\bn cq]wsIm AÃmlp F¶ ssZhw a\pjy\v `mh\ sN¿mhp¶ {IqcXIfpsS BsI¯pIbmWv. `qanbn P\n ¡p¶ Hmtcm hyànbpw F§s\sbms¡ Pohn¡Wsa¶v KÀ`¯nÂsh¨pXs¶ ae¡nt\s¡mv AÃmlp Hmtcmcp¯cp 123
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
tSbpw Xebn FgpXn¡p¶ps¶v lZokn ImWp¶p. A§ s\sb¦n `qanbn a\pjy³ sN¿p¶ Hcp sXän\pw Ah³ D ¯chmZnbÃ. AYhm A§s\ Hcp hn[nbnsöp IcpXnbm tem? F¦nÂXs¶ IqSnbm \qdpsImÃw hcp¶ PohnX¯n sN¿p¶ sXäpIÄ¡v a\pjy\v F´p in£ sImSp¡m³ Ignbpw! apÉow \cIs¯¸änbpÅ hÀW\ tIÄ¡pt¼mÄ C{X {Iqc\m bncp¶tÃm AÃmlp F¶p tXm¶nt¸mIpw. JpÀB\nse Nne hnhcW§Ä XmsgsImSp¡p¶p: “\½psS ZrjvSm´§sf \ntj[n¨hsc ASp¯pXs¶ Aán bn \mw {]thin¸n¡pw. (AXnsâ D{KX \nan¯w) AhcpsS NÀ½w Icnªpt]mIpt¼msgÃmw XÂØm\¯v aäp Nne NÀ½ §Ä \mw amänshbv¡pw. (AXp) in£ AhÀ icn¡pw cpNn¨p t\m¡phm³ thnbmWv.”24 “kXys¯ \ntj[n¡p¶hcmtcm AhÀ¡v AánbpsS hkv {Xw apdn¨psImSp¡pw. AhcpsS Xebv¡paotX ITn\amb NqSpsh Åw Hgn¡pIbpw sN¿pw. X·qew AhcpsS NÀ½hpw hbdnep ÅXpw DcpInt¸mIpw. AhÀ¡mbn Ccp¼nsâ Nne ZÞpIfpm bncn¡pw. ZpxJw aqew \cI¯n \n¶p ]pd¯pt]mIm³ Dt±in ¡pt¼msgÃmw Ahsc AXnte¡p Xncn¨phnSpw. (AhtcmSp ]dbpw) AánbpsS in£ H¶p cpNn¨p t\m¡pI.”25 ( “Ct¸mÄ \n§Ä H¶p Nn´n¨p t\m¡pI) CXmtWm DÂIr jvSamb k¡mchn`hw? AtXm kJpw hr£tam? B hr£ s¯ B{IanIÄ¡pÅ in£bmbn«mWv \mw sh¨ncn¡p¶Xv? \cI¯n\nSbn \n¶v apf¨ps]m´p¶ Hcp hr£amWXv. AXn sâ Ipe ]nimNp¡fpsS Xet]msebncn¡pw. IpähmfnIÄ AXn \n¶mWv `£n¡pI. F¶n«XpsImv AhÀ hbdp \nd bv¡pw. ]n¶oSv AXn\p aotX Ign¡m³ ITn\amb NqSpÅ shÅ ¯nsâ Hcp Iq«pw AhÀ¡p \ÂIpw. A\´cw AhcpsS aS¡ hpw \cI¯ntebv¡p Xs¶bmbncn¡pw.”26 (AhcpsS in£ AXpsImv Ahkm\n¨pthm? CÃ) AXn ¶¸pdw \cIapv. (AhnsSsh¨v) Ah\p IpSn¡m³ sImSp¡p ¶Xv càhpw Nehpw tNÀ¶ ]m\obambncn¡pw. (ITn\ Zmlw aqew) hfsc hnjan¨psImv AhÀ AX§p IpSn¡pw ]t£, 124
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
Iogvt]m«v Cd¡m³ IgnbpIbnÃ. FÃm `mK§fn \n¶pw acWw Ahsâ ASp¡te¡v hcpw. ]t£, Ah³ acn¡pIbnÃ. (AXp sImv Ahkm\nt¨m? CÃ) AXn\¸pd¯mWv AXnITn\ in£bpÅXv.”27 hfsc {lkzamb PohnX ImeL«¯n sN¿p¶ sXäpIÄ ¡mWv Ahkm\anÃm¯ Cu in£ \ÂIp¶Xv. AÃmlphn s\bpw Ahsâ ZqXt\bpw \ntj[n¡p¶hÀ¡pw AwKoIcn¡m ¯hÀ¡pw Ahkm\anÃm¯ Cu in£bmWv \ÂIp¶Xv. Phm lÀem t\lr, almßmKmÔn, se\n³, tXmakv s]bn³, CwKÀ tkmÄ, ImÄ amÀIvkv, _À{Sâ v dÊ XpS§nb F{Xtbm alm³amÀ AÃmlphnsâ aXw AwKoIcn¡m¯hcmbpmbncp ¶p. AhÀs¡Ãmw AÃmlp sImSp¡m³ t]mIp¶Xv imizXamb Cu \cIamsW¦nÂ, B AÃmlphns\ kvt\ln¡mt\m Bcm [n¡mt\m kwkv¡mck¼¶\mb Hcp a\pjy\pw km²yaÃ.
125
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
References: 1. A_vZ p JmZnÀ apÉnbmÀ, Fw.F, apÉowIfpw icoA¯v \nba§fpw, (tNfmcn, 1974) t]Pv 10-13. 2. Shorter Encyclopaedia of Islam, p. 102. 3. JpÀB³, 5:33 4. Ibid., 9:5 5. Ibid., 9:28 6. Ibid., 47:4 7. Ibid., 9:29 9. Ibid., 5:51 10. klolp _pJmcn, 2089 11. JpÀB³, 5:38 12. klolp _pJmcn, 167 13. JpÀB³, 8:41 14. klolp _pJmcn, 610 15. JpÀB³, 17:32 16. Ibid., 24:2 17. klolp _pJmcn, 1476 18. Ipªn_mh apÉnbmÂ, ]n.sI., CÉmanse kmaqly\nba§Ä: kqd¯¶qÀ ]cn`mj, (XriqÀ, 1981), t]Pv. 20 19. Ibid., t]Pv 20-21 20. X^vkodp JpÀB³, 66:1 21. JpÀB³, 33:50 22. Ibid., 4:15 23. Ibid., 4:16 24. Ibid., 4:56 25. Ibid., 22 : 19-22 26. Ibid., 37 : 62-68 27. Ibid., 14 : 16-17
126
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10 apÉow kzÀKw! CÉmwaXw AwKoIcn¡m¯hÀ¡v AÃmlp \ÂIp¶ imizX amb in£sb´msW¶v Ignª A[ymb¯n \½Ä ImWp Ibpmbn. i{Xp¡tfmSv bmsXmcp Zbbpw CÃmXncp¶ {Iqc \mb Hcp aX `cWta[mhnbpsS `mh\bn hnfªXmWv B \cIw. AtX `mh\bn cq]saSp¯ apÉow kzÀKamIs« Hcp hy`nNmc imebpsS Nn{XamWv \ap¡p \ÂIp¶Xv. AanXamb ssewKnImkàn apän\n¶ Hcp hyànbpsS at\mcmPy¯n hncnªXmWXv. kzÀKs¯¸än JpÀB\nepw lZokpIfnepap Å hnhcW§fn NneXv ChnsS D²cn¡mw. “(AÃmlphnÂ) hnizkn¡pIbpw k¡À½§Ä (^Àkp Ifpw kp¶¯pIfpw) A\pjvTn¡pIbpw sN¿p¶htcmSv \nÝbw AhÀ¡v (AXnse hr£§fptSbpw amfnIIfptSbpw Xmgv`mK ¯qsS Hen¡p¶ \ZnIfpÅ tXm«§Ä Ds¶p Xm¦Ä kt´m jhmÀ¯ Adnbn¡pI. B (tXm«§fnepÅ) ImbvI\nIfn s]« Blmcw AhÀ¡v `£n¸n¡s¸Spt¼msgÃmw AhÀ ]dbpw, CXp R§Ä¡v (kzÀK¯n sh¨v) ap¼p \ÂIs¸«Xm sW¶v. AhÀ¡v AXv (B `£Ww) kmZriyapÅ hn[¯n sImphcs¸Sp¶p (hÀW¯n kmZriyapÅXpw cpNnbn `n¶ambXpw). AhÀ¡Xn (BÀ¯hcàw XpS§nb FÃm amen\y§fn \n¶pw kwip²cmb) lqdnIfpw AÃm¯hcpamb ]Xv\nIfpapv. AhcXn imizXcmbn hnizkn¡p¶hcs{X.”1 “AhÀ¡hnsS ]cnip²cmb Nne CWIfpapmbncn¡pw. AXnhninjvSamb XWenemWv Ahsc \mw {]thin¸n¡pI.”2 “kXyhnizmkw ssIs¡mhÀ¡pw k¡À½w A\pjvTn 127
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
¨hÀ¡pamIs«, ^nÀZuknse tXm«§fmWv k¡mchn`h§ fmbn e`n¡pI”3 kzÀK¯n AWnbp¶ hkv{X§Ä F´msW¶v asämcp `mK¯p ]dbp¶p: “(AánbpsS hkv{X§Ä¡p]Icw) kzÀW¯nsâ hfIfpw ap¯pIfpamWv Ae¦mc¯n\mbn AWnbn¡pI. AhnsS Ah cpsS hkv{Xw ]«mbncn¡pw.”40 kzÀK¯nepw kzÀW¯n\pw ]«phkv{X¯n\pw {]m[m\yw! “Ahcpw AhcpsS CWIfpw XWepIfn ØnXnsN¿p¶ AewIrXamb Nne I«nepIfn NmcnbmWv Ccn¡pI. AhÀ¡ hnsS ]g§fpv. (AXn\p ]pdsa) AhÀ¡mhiyapÅsXÃm apv.”5 I«nepItf¡mÄ Ccn¡m³ kuIcy{]Zamb tkm^Ifpw aäpw F´psImmWmthm kzÀK¯n CSm¯Xv? JpÀB³ cNn ¡p¶ Ime¯v AÃmlphn\pw {]hmNI\pw AtX¸än Adnhpm bncp¶ncn¡bnÃ! “Nne I«nepIfnt·epw ]ckv]cw A`napJambvs¡mpamWv (AhnsS AhÀ Ccn¡pI). HcpXcw ]m\obw \nd¨ Nne tIm¸I fpwsImv AhcpsS ap¼n (NneÀ) Npän¯ncnªpsImn cn¡pw. (AXv) shfp¯Xpw IpSn¡m³ cpNnbpÅXpambncn¡pw. AXn H«pw tZmjapmbncn¡bnÃ; AXpaqew Ahsc elcn _m[n¡pIbpanÃ. hnime§fmb I®pItfmSpIqSnbhcpw I®p IÄ \nb{´n¨p sh¨hcpamb (]Xn{hXIfmb) XcpWnIfpw AhcpsSbSp¡Â Dmbncn¡pw. B XcpWnIÄ ]m{X§fn AS¨p kq£n¨ncn¡p¶ ap«IÄ t]msebncn¡pw.”6 kzÀK¯nse kv{XoIÄ kahbkvIcmbncn¡psa¶v asämcp `mK¯v \_n ]dªn«pv.7 (Ccp]¯m©mas¯ hbÊn \mev ]XpImcntbbpw A³]Xp IgnªXn\p tijw Bdp hbÊpImcn tbbpw IeymWw Ign¨ apl½Zn\v Zm¼XyPohnX¯n {]mb hyXymkw sImpmIp¶ _p²nap«pIÄ \¶mbn A\p`hs¸ «ncn¡Ww!) ta¡pta X«pIfmbn \nÀ½n¨ hmkØm\§ fmWs{X kzÀK¯n e`n¡p¶Xv.8 kzÀW¯fnIfpw ]m\]m{X 128
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
§fpw AhnsSbpv. ]t£, Ahbpambn hcp¶Xv Nne tkhI ·mÀ (Zmk·mÀ) BsW¶p tIÄ¡pt¼mÄ9 \n§Ä AZv`pXs¸ tS. apÉow kzÀK¯n Xmgv¶ Xc¡mcmb Zmk·mÀ Dv. DbÀ¨XmgvNIÄ kzÀK¯nepw XpScp¶p! “shÅ \ndhpw hnimem£nIfpamb Nne XcpWnIsf” kzÀK hmknIÄ¡v AÃmlp CWtNÀ¯p sImSp¡pw. 10 kzÀK¯nse ØnXn asämcp `mK¯p hÀWn¡p¶Xv C§s\bmWv: “AXn shÅsamgpIp¶ Nne AcphnIfpv. B shÅw Zpjn¨p t]mbn«nÃ. ]msemgpIp¶ Nne AcphnIfpapv. AXnsâ cpNn¡pw amäw h¶n«nÃ. IpSn¡p¶hÀ¡v cpNnIcamb aZysamgp Ip¶ Nne AcphnIfpv. ip²oIcns¨Sp¯ tXs\mgpIp¶ Nne AcphnIfpapv.” 11 apl½Zp\_n aZy]m\s¯ FXnÀ¯ncps¶¦nepw At±l ¯nsâ kzÀKcmPy¯n aZyw HgpIp¶ AcphnIfpv. aZy] ·mÀ hnjant¡. `qanbnepÅ sNdnb Imew aZy]n¡mXncp ¶m aXn, kzÀK¯nse¯nbm ]Ww apS¡msX Acphnbn \n¶v CjvSwt]mse aZy]n¡mw. amwk¯n\p AhnsS Zmcn{Zyap mhpIbnÃ.12 C\nbmWv \_nbpsS `mh\ ImSp Ibdp¶Xv: “AWnbWnbmbn \nc¯nh¨ncn¡p¶ I«nepIfn AhÀ Nmcn Ccn¡pw. shÅ \ndhpw hnimeamb I®pIfpapÅ (AYhm anI¨ kuµcyapÅ) XcpWnIsf AhÀ¡v \mw CWtNÀ¯p sImSp¡pw.”13 Bip]{XnIfn \nc¯n I«n C«ncn¡p¶Xpt]mse I«nen «n«v XcpWnIfpambn can¡pI. CsXgpXp¶Ime¯v \_nbpsS a\Êv ssewKnIImcy§fn F{Xam{Xw sshIrXw DÄs¡mn cp¶p F¶v Duln¡m³ Cu hN\w [mcmfw aXn. ]ÝmXycm Py§fn ASp¯ Ime¯v {]Nmc¯n h¶ _lpt`mKw F¶ ssewKnIsshIrX¯nsâ asämcp cq]amWnXv. Nne ]mÝmXy thiymeb§fn C¯cw GÀ¸mSpIÄ \S¡p¶ps{X ! C§ s\ kzÀK¯nse _lpt`mKmhkc¯nÂ, “B\µ¯nsâbpw BËmZ¯ntâbpw ]mcayw {]m]n¡pt¼mÄ ]m\ob§Ä \nd¨ tIm¸IÄ Rm³ F¶ `mh¯n ]ckv]cw ap³IS¶p IcØ am¡n IpSn¡phm³ AhÀ AXypÕmlw ImWn¡pw... AhcpsS 129
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
Nne ]cnNmcI·mÀ AhÀ¡nSbn Npän¯ncnªpsImn cn¡pw.”14 ]cnNmcI·mÀ ImWp¶Xv kzÀKhmknIÄ tamiambn IcpXp ¶pmhnÃ. kzÀK¯nse I«nepIfn cXv\§Ä sIm¯n ]Xn ¨ncn¡pas{X.15 {]mb]qÀ¯nbmIm¯ _me·mcpambn cXn_Ô ¯n GÀs¸Sp¶Xv B[p\nI \nbakwlnXIÄ¡p ap¶n IpäIcamsW¦nepw apÉow kzÀK¯n CXv A\phZ\obam sW¶p tXm¶p¶p. AhnsS imizXambn \nhkn¡p¶ Nne _me·mÀ AhcpsS ap¼n Npän¯ncnªpsImtbncn¡pw. 16 F¶p ]dbp¶Xnsâ AÀ°w asäm¶paÃ. kzÀK¯nse _me ·mÀ¡v Hcn¡epw {]mbamhpIbnÃ. {]mb]qÀ¯nbmIm¯ Ip«n Isfs¡mp tPmen sN¿n¨p F¶ Ipähpw AhnsS Dmhp IbnÃ. ImcWw AÃmlphmWtÃm FÃm \nba§fptSbpw hn[m Xmhv! kzÀK¯nse A´co£s¯¸än asämcp `mK¯v ]dbp¶p: “Nne tXm«§fpw ap´ncn¸g§fpw, apeIÄ cpw s]m§n \n¡p¶hcpw kahbkv¡cpamb bphXnIfpw, ]m\obw \nd¨p h¨ncn¡p¶ Nne tIm¸IfpamWv AhÀ¡p e`n¡pI.”17 apeIÄ hoWpt]mb kv{XoItfmSpw {]mbhyXymkapÅhtcm Spw apl½Zn\pÅ shdp¸mbncn¡Ww kzÀK¯n C¯c¡msc kz]v\w ImWm³ At±ls¯ t{]cn¸n¨Xv. C\nbpw lZokpIfn kzÀKs¯¸än ]dªncn¡p¶Xv F´msW¶p t\m¡mw: “Xncpta\n (k) Acpfn: ]Xn¶memw cmhnse ]qÀWN{µtâ Xmbncn¡pw H¶maXmbn kzÀK¯n {]thin¡p¶hcpsS cq]w. AhchnsS Xp¸pItbm aq¡p NoäpItbm hnkÀÖ\w \S¯pItbm sN¿pIbnÃ. AhnsS AhcpsS ]m{X§Ä kzÀW ambncn¡pw. AhcpsS No¸pIÄ kzÀWwsImpw shÅnsImp apÅhbpw. AhÀ kpKÔ{Zhy§Ä ]pIbn¡p¶ IpänIfn ‘DuZv’ (Hcp kpKÔ{Zhyw) BWv ]pIbv¡pI. IkvXqcnbptSXm bncn¡pw AhcpsS hnbÀ¸nsâ aWw. Ahcn Hmtcmcp¯À¡pw Cucp `mcyamÀ hoXapmbncn¡pw. kuµcym[nIy¯m 130
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
AhcpsS IW¦mepIfnse amwk¯n\pÅnse aÖt]mepw ]pd¯p ImWmw.”18 amwkhpw aZyhpw CXc ]m\ob§fpw [mcmfambn Ign¡p ¶hÀ hnkÀÖ\w sN¿pIbnÃs{X ! ]t£, hnbÀ¡psa¶p ]d bp¶p. AsXmcpXcw hnkÀÖ\amsW¶ Imcyw AÃmlphnsâ {]hmNI\v AdnbnÃmbncn¡mw!! kzÀK¯nse aäp hntij§Ä IqSn tIÄ¡p: “kzÀK¯n Hcp hr£apv; Hcp hml\bm{X¡mc³ AXn sâ XWeneqsS \qdp hÀjw k©cn¨mepw AXp IS¶pt]mI bnÃ.”19 Xncpta\n (k) Acpfn: kzÀKhmknIÄ AhÀ¡paosXbpÅ amfnIapIfnse \nhmknIsf, BImi¯nsâ Ingt¡ (Asà ¦n ]Snªmsd) N{Ihmf¯n Pzen¨p {]Imin¨psImncn ¡p¶ \£{Xwt]mse ImWpw. AhcpsS ]ZhnIÄ X½nepÅ hyXymkamWnXv. C§s\ Acpfnbt¸mÄ A\pNc·mÀ Xncpta \n (k) tbmSp tNmZn¨p. “ssZhZqXsc! AXp {]hmNI·mcpsS ]ZhnIfmbncn¡pw! AhnsS aämÀ¡pw F¯nt¨cm³ km[n¡pI bnÃtÃm.” Xncpta\n (k) Acpfn: Fsâ Bßmhns\ \nb{´n¨p sImncn¡p¶ AÃmlpshs¡mp kXyw, AÃmlphn hniz kn¡pIbpw {]hmNI·msc kXykÔambn AwKoIcn¡pIbpw sNbvX FÃm a\pjycpw B ]ZhnIfnse¯nt¨cpw.”20 CÉmanse kzÀK¯nepw DbÀ¨ XmgvNIÄ! `mcyamÀ¡p ]pdta ‘lqdpIÄ’ F¶dnbs¸Sp¶ Hcp hn`mKw kzÀKkv{XoIsfbpw hnizmknIÄ¡v kzÀK¯n e`n¡pw. Ah tc¸än ‘]ctemIw JpÀB\nÂ’ F¶ ]pkvXI¯n C§s\ hnhcn¡p¶p: “`mcyamÀ¡p ]pdta lqdpIfpaphnsS. kpµcnIfpw tImafI fpamb ip{`hÀWmwK\IÄ. I®nsâ IrjvWaWn ITn\Idp¸v. _m¡n `mKw XqshÅ, hSnhnepw tamSnbnepapÅ B I®pIÄ hnimehpambncn¡pw. `{Zambn kq£n¡s¸« ap¯pIÄ t]mencn ¡pahÀ AYh kpc£nXambn sh¡s¸« ap«IÄ t]mse. C{µ \oehpw, ]hnghpwt]mse a\pjyt\m Pnt¶m CtXhsc Ahsc kv]Àin¨nt«bnÃ. AÀ°\naoenXm£nIÄ, \mWwIpWp§n 131
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
IÄ, \mWw sImp ]mXntb Xpd¡q. `À¯m¡·msc hn«p aämcpsS t\scbpw AhcpsS ZrjvSnIÄ XncnbpIbnÃ. IqSmc §fn AS§nsbmXp§n Ignbp¶hÀ. Hmtcm kzÀKhmkn¡pw th{X lqdpIÄ Dmbncn¡pw. kzÀKhmknIfÃm¯ amXm]n Xm¡fpsS, ssiih¯n arXnbSª s]¬Ip«nIsfbmbncn ¡ptam C§s\ lqdpIfmbn cq]m´cs¸Sp¯nbXv, AXà AhÀ {]tXyIw Xs¶ krjvSn¡s¸«htcm? D½pkÂa Hcn¡Â \_n tbmSp tNmZn¨p: Zp³bmhn \n¶psN¶ kv{XoIÄ¡mtWm IqSp X t{ijvTX, AtXm lqdpIÄt¡m? Xncpta\n ]dªp: AhÀ AÃmlphn\p \akvIcn¡bpw t\m¼\pjvSn¡bpw aäp C_mb ¯pIsfSp¡pIbpw sNbvXXpsImv. At¸mÄ kzÀK\nhmkn IfpsS km£m `mcyamÀ Zp³bmhnse kZvhr¯Ifmb kv{Xo Ifmbncn¡pw. ChÀ X§fpsS hnizmk§fpw k¡À½§fpw hgn kzÀK¯n {]thin¨hcmWv. A¡mcW¯m kzÀK ¯n FÃmhn[ A\p{Kl§Ä¡pw AhÀ kzbwXs¶ AÀl cpamWv. ChcpsS ap³ `À¯m¡Ä kzÀKhmknIfmsW¦n kzbw CjvS {]Imcw Ahsc¯s¶ `À¯m¡fmbn kzoIcn¡pw. Asæn AhcnjvSs¸Sp¶ aäp `À¯m¡sf AÃmlp AhÀ ¡p \ÂIp¶p. kzÀKhmknIfpsS Øncw ]mÀ¸nS§fmb amfnI Ifn Chcmbncn¡pw A[nhkn¡p¶Xv. km£m `mcyamcpw ChÀ Xs¶. lqdpItfm? kzÀK¯nse ]g§Ä, ]m\ob§Ä XpS§n aäp hn`h§tft¸mse IqSpX B\µ¯n\pthn AhnsS \ÂIs¸Sp¶ hn`h§fmWv. an¡hmdpw DÃmktI{µ §fn Øm]n¡s¸Sp¶ IqSmc§fnembncn¡pw AhÀ A[nh kn¡p¶Xv. Xncpta\n ]dªp: kzÀK¯nse Hä kv{Xosb §m\pw `qanbntebvs¡¯nt\m¡pIbmsW¦n AXp kzÀK ¯n\pw `qanbn¡panSbv¡pÅ FÃmbnShpw ]cnaf\nÀ`chpw {]Imi]qcnXhpam¡n¯oÀ¡p¶XpamWv.”21 ho«n `mcyamÀ, DÃmktI{µ§Ä lqdnIÄ AXpw th{X! Imamkà·mÀ¡v CXnt\¡mÄ ]änb Hcp Øew FhnsSbpv?
132
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
References: 1. 2. 3. 4.
X^vkodp JpÀB³, 2:25 JpÀB³, 4:57 Ibid., 18:107 Ibid., 22:23, 35:33þepw kzÀW¯ntâbpw ]«p hkv{X¯ntâbpw Imcyw FSp¯p ]dbp¶pv. 5. JpÀB³, 36:56-58 6. Ibid., 37:44-49 7. Ibid., 38:52 8. Ibid., 39:20 9. Ibid., 43:71 10. Ibid., 44:54 11. Ibid., 47:15 12. Ibid., 52:22 13. Ibid., 52:20 14. Ibid., 52:23-24 15. Ibid., 56:15 16. Ibid., 56:17 17. Ibid., 78:32-34 18. klolp _pJmcn, 1335 19. Ibid., 1339 20. Ibid., 1341 21. A_vZpà auehn, sI.kn., ]ctemIw JpÀB\nÂ, (tImgnt¡mSv, 1981), t]Pv, 253-255.
133
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
11 kv{XoIÄ XcwXmgv¯s¸«p temI P\kwJybn ]IpXn kv{XoIfmWv. A½, `mcy, Krl \mY, sXmgnemfn, IÀjI, _nkn\kpImcn, A²ym]nI, \gvkv, tUmIvSÀ, imkv{XÚ, cmjv{SX{´Ú A§s\ PohnX¯n sâ FÃm XpdIfnepw AhÀ ]WnsbSp¡pIbpw hyànap{Z Øm ]n¡pIbpw sNbvXpIgnªncn¡p¶p. F¦nepw ]pcpjt\msSm ¸w FÃm cwK¯pw AhÀ C¶pw F¯nbn«nÃ. kaql¯nsâ FÃm Xe§fnepw XpeyX t\Sp¶Xn\pthn temIsa¼mSp apÅ kv{XoIÄ DWÀ¶phcnIbmWv. AhcpsS B DWÀÆns\Xn cmbn kacw sN¿p¶ iànIfn {][m\s¸«Xv CÉmwaXamWv. JpÀ B\pw lZokpIfpw DbÀ¯n¸nSn¨psImv bmYmØnXnI apÉow kv{XoIÄs¡Xncmbn kacImlfaqXp¶p. C¯cw Hcp L«¯n JpÀB\p ap¼pw ]n¼papÅ kv{XoIfpsS \netbbpw JpÀBsâ A\pimk\§sfbpw ]än hniZambn ]Tnt¡ XmWv. apl½Znsâ P\\¯n\pap¼v Atd_ybnse kv{XoIfpsS kmaqly\ne hfscsbm¶pw DbÀ¶Xmbncp¶nÃ. ]t£, CÉmw aXw IogS¡nb _m_ntem¬, AÊndnb (C¶s¯ Cdm¡v), t]Àjy (Cdm³), CuPn]vXv, SpWojy, SÀ¡n F¶o cmPy§fnse ØnXn AXmbncp¶nÃ. ]pcmX\ CuPn]vXnepw kv]mÀ«mbnepw kv{XoIÄ¡v kaql¯n DbÀ¶ Øm\apmbncp¶p. tdmanepw {Koknepw \nba]cambn¯s¶ kv{XoIfpsS AhImi§Ä kwc£n¡s¸«ncp¶p. _m_ntem¬, AÊndnb, t]Àjy, kndnb F¶o cmPy§fnepw kv{XoIÄ¡v kaql¯n tamiaÃm¯ \nebmWpmbncp¶Xv. C¯cw Hcp ]cnXØnXnbnemWv Hcp 134
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
Ai\n]mXwt]mse CÉmwaXhpambn Atd_y³ ]SbmfnIÄ AhnS§fn IS¶phcp¶Xv. AXphsc AhnsS \ne\n¶ncp¶ \mKcnIXIÄ XIÀ¡s¸«p. apl½Zp \_n ]dbp¶Xn§s\ bmWv: “F{X ]«W§sfbmWv \mw \in¸n¨pIfªXv? B ]«W §Ä AhbpsS (FSp¸pIfpsS) ta¯«pItfmSpIqSn AXm hoWp \in¨pInS¡p¶p. F{X InWdpIfpw F{X DbÀ¶ _w¥m hpIfpamWv iq\yambn ImSpsI«n¡nS¡p¶Xv? ”1 \_nbpsS Ime¯v Atd_ybn \S¶ ØnXnsb¸änbm WnXv. At±l¯nsâ Nca¯n\p tijhpw ]pcmX\ \KcnIXI fpsSta apÉow ]SbmfnIÄ It¿äw \S¯n. _m_ntemWpw t]Àjybpw CuPn]vXpw SpWokpw XIÀ¶phoWp. hmfnsâ hmbv ¯ebv¡p ap¼n \n¶psImv Poh³ c£n¡m³ thn hnP bnIfpsS aXw AhÀ kzoIcn¨p. _lpssZh§fpsS Øm\¯v AXn{Iqc\mb AÃmlp Fs¶mcp ssZhw DbÀ¶ph¶p. B ssZhs¯ krjvSn¨ Ad_nIfpw AhcpsS t\Xmhmb apl ½Zpw Atd_y³ tKm{XhÀK k¦ev]§fpw hnizmk§fpw sIm v B ssZh¯n\p \ndw sImSp¯p. ssZh¯nsâ Iev]\sb¶ t]cn apl½Zv cNn¨ JpÀB\pw injy·mÀ apl½Znsâ t]cn \nÀ½n¨ kp¶¯pw (lZokpIÄ) aäp ]e Imcy§fnepsa¶Xn s\¡mÄ kv{XoItfmSv IqSpX {Iqcambn s]cpamdm³ \nÀt±in ¡p¶p. `qanbn am{XaÃ, kzÀK¯n t]mepw kv{XoIÄ cmw Xc¡mcmWv. Hcp ]pcpj\v H¶ne[nIw `mcyamcpw t]mcm¯ Xn\p Bhiy¯n\v lqdnIfpw AhnsS e`n¡psa¶v Ignª A[ymb¯n \½Ä Ip. AWnbWnbmbn C«ncn¡p¶ I«nepIfn Ccn¡p¶ ]pcpj·mÀ¡v kahbkvIcmb XcpWnI sf \ÂIpsa¶v ]dªn«pv. ]t£, kv{XoIÄ¡v kahbkv¡ cmb XcpW·msc sImSp¡psat¶m Hcp kv{Xo¡v H¶n IqSpX `À¯mhmImsat¶m lqdnIsft¸mse GsX¦nepw kzÀKob ]pcpj·mÀ¡pw ae¡pIÄ¡psam¸w AhÀ¡v ssewKnI _Ôw ]peÀ¯msat¶m ]dªncps¶¦n AXp a\knem¡mambn cp¶p. AhnsSbpw kv{Xo ]Xn{hXbmbncp¶psImÅWsa¶mWv \nbaw. 135
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
CÉmw aXØm]I\mb apl½Zn\v kv{XoItfmSpÅ kao] \wXs¶ Hcp {]tXyI Xc¯nepÅXmbncp¶p. AhÀ \cI¯n \p tbmKycmsW¶v At±lw IqsS¡qsS ]dbpambncp¶p. lZo kpIfn \n¶v Nne `mK§Ä D²cn¡mw.: “Xncpta\n (k) Acpfn: Rm³ kzÀKIhmS¯n \n¶p t\m¡ns¡mncn¡pIbmbncp¶p. A§s\ Rm³ t\m¡ns¡m ncp¶t¸mÄ AXn {]thin¨hcn `qcn]£hpw AKXnIfm bncp¶p.... Rm³ \cI IhmS¯n sN¶p\n¶p t\m¡pt¼mÄ AXm AXn {]thin¡p¶hcn `qcn]£hpw kv{XoIfmWv.”2 asämcp L«¯n \_n ]dbp¶p: “Rm³ \cIt¯bpw Ip. C¶p Rm³ IXpt]msebpÅ `bm\Iamb Hcp ImgvN CXn\p ap¼v Rm³ Int«bnÃ. \cIhmknIfn `qcn`mKhpw Rm³ It¸mÄ kv{XoIfmbncp¶p.” At¸mÄ, ssZhZqXsc, F´mW Xn\p ImcWsa¶v A\pNc·mÀ tNmZn¨p. Xncpta\n Acpfn: “AXn¶p ImcWw B kv{XoIfpsS \ntj[ kz`mhwXs¶.” A\pNc·mÀ tNmZn¨p: “kv{XoIÄ AÃmlphns\ \ntj[n¡p ¶ptm?” Xncpta\n Acpfn: “`À¯m¡·mtcmSpw AhÀ sNbvXp sImSp¡p¶ HuZmcy§tfmSpw kv{XoIÄ \µntISp ImWn¡pw. AXmWhcpsS \ntj[ kz`mhw. PohnXImew apgph³ \o Hcp kv{XotbmSv HuZmcyw ImWn¨p, F¶n«v Hcn¡Â AhfnjvSs¸ Sm¯Xv hÃXpw \n¶n \n¶p kw`hn¨pIm “\n§fn \n¶v C¡mea{Xbpw Hcp \·bpw F\n¡p e`n¨nt«bnÔ F¶ hÄ ]dªpIfbpw.3 thsdmchkc¯nepmb kw`hw _pJmcn tcJs¸Sp¯p¶p: “Hcn¡Â Xncpta\n(k) henb s]cp¶mÄ Znhkw Asæn sNdnb s]cp¶mÄ Znhkw s]cp¶mÄ \akvImc ssaXm\¯pÅ R§fpsS ASp¡te¡p h¶p. F¶n«v (\akvImcm\´cw) Xncp ta\n kv{XoIfpsS ASp¡tebv¡p sN¶p. AhnsSsh¨v Xncpta\n Acpfn. “kv{Xo kaqlta! \n§Ä [À½w sN¿pI. \cIhmknI fn A[nIamfpIsfbpw kv{XoIfmbn«mWv Rm³ Incn¡p ¶Xv.” Xncpta\o! F´mWn§s\ kw`hn¡m³ ImcWsa¶p kv{XoIÄ tNmZn¨p. Xncpta\n Acpfn: “AhÀ aäpÅhsc IqSpX i]n¨psImpw iImcn¨psImpw Ccn¡pw. am{XaÃ, `À¯m¡ 136
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
·mtcmSv \µntISp ImWn¡pIbpw sN¿pw. ZrVNn¯cmb ]pcpj ·mcpsS lrZb§sf Cf¡phm³ _p²nbpw Zo\pw Ipdª \n§ tf¡mÄ IgnhpÅhsc Rm³ In«nÃ. kv{XoIÄ tNmZn¨p. “Xncpta\o! _p²nbnepw Zo\nepw R§Äs¡´mWv Ipdhv? Xncp ta\n Acpfn: “kv{XoIfpsS km£y¯n\v Ac¸pcpjsâ Øm\ atà Iev]n¡p¶pÅq?.” AhÀ ]dªp: “AsX.” Xncpta\n Acp fn. “AhcpsS _p²nbpsS Ipdhnsâ e£W§fn s]«XmWXv. (XpSÀ¶psImp Xncpta\n tNmZn¨p) BÀ¯hapmbm kv{Xo \akvImchpw t\m¼pw Dt]£n¡p¶ntÃ?” AhÀ ]dªp. “AsX.” Xncpta\n Acpfn. “Zo³ IpdhmbXnsâ e£W§fnsem ¶mWXv.”4 kv{XoIÄ ]pcpj·mtc¡mÄ XmWhcmsW¶mWtÃm Cu lZokn \n¶v hyàamIp¶Xv. hnhmlw, IpSpw_PohnXw XpS §nb Imcy§fnepw kv{Xobv¡v cmw Øm\w am{Xta JpÀ B³ \ÂIp¶pÅp. Nne JpÀB³ hN\§Ä t\m¡pI: “\n§Ä¡p \¶mbnt¯m¶p¶ kv{XoIsf (Bhiya\p kcn¨v) cphoXtam aq¶p hoXtam \mep hoXtam hnhmlw sN¿pI.”5 “(sshhmlnI PohnX¯n ]pcpj\pw kv{Xobpw FÃm \ne bv¡pw ka·mcÃ.) ]pcpj·mÀ¡mWv kv{XoItf¡mÄ D¶Xamb Øm\apÅXv.”6 “\n§fpsS `mcyamÀ \n§fpsS IrjnØeamIp¶p. AXp sImv \n§Ä COn¡p¶hn[w \n§fpsS IrjnØe¯p sN ÃpI. (sNÃpt¼mÄ) \n§fpsS `mhn¡pth Hcp¡§Ä ap³ Iq«n sNbvXpshbv¡pI.”7 `mcybv¡v a\pjyXzwt]mepw AÃmlp \ÂIp¶nÃ. Poh\nÃm ¯ IrjnØet¯mSmWv Ahsc D]an¡p¶Xv! C\n asämcp `mK¯p ]dbp¶p: “(sshhmlnI PohnX¯nÂ) ]pcpj·mÀ¡p kv{XoIfpsS ta \nb{´Wm[nImcapv. (A§s\ \nÝbn¨Xp) Ahcn NneÀ¡v Nnetc¡mÄ (AXmbXp ]pcpj·mÀ¡p kv{XoItf ¡mÄ) Nne sshinjvSy§Ä AÃmlp \ÂInbXpsImmWv. (AXn¶p ]pdta kv{XoIÄ¡p thn) ]pcpj·mÀ X§fpsS 137
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
[\¯n \n¶p sNehp sN¿p¶XpsImpamWv. At¸mÄ A\p kcWm ioeapÅhcpw (`À¯mhnsâ) Akm¶n[y¯n AÃm lp kwc£n¡phm³ Iev]n¨n«pÅX\pkcn¨p `À¯mhnsâ Xmev]cy§Ä apgph³ kwc£n¡p¶hcpamWv D¯akv{XoIÄ. F¶m A\pkcWt¡Sp ImWn¡psa¶p \n§Ä `bs¸Sp¶ kv{XoIÄ¡v D]tZiw \ÂIpI (AXp ^en¨nsænÂ) ib\ Øe§fn AhcnÂ\n¶v AI¶ncn¡pI. (AXpsImpw Imcyw icns¸Sp¶nsænÂ) Ahsc (DbÀt¯Xn¶p) ASn ¡pI. F¶n«hÀ \n§Ä¡v Iogvs]«p Ignªm AhcpsS t]cn (IqSpX \S]SnsbSp¡phm³) amÀKat\zjn¡cpXv. ”8 A§s\ ]pcpjsâ ]qÀWamb \nb{´W¯n\p hnt[bbm bn Pohn¡p¶ kv{Xo¡v aäp Imcy§fn t]mepw XpeyX Dm bncp¶nÃ. GsX¦nepw Imcy¯n km£n \nÂt¡nhcp t¼mÄ Hcp ]pcpj\p ]Icw cp kv{XoIsf km£n \ndp¯W as{X.9 “Hcp ]pcpjsâ Øm\¯p cp kv{XoIÄ km£n thW sa¶p sh¨Xv Ahcn HcmÄ ]ng¨p t]mIpt¼mÄ aähÄ HmÀ½ s¸Sp¯phm\mWv” F¶pwIqSn JpÀB³ ]dbp¶p. kv{XobmsW ¦n ]ng¨pt]mIm³ km²yXbps¶pw ]pcpj\v AXnsöpw! JpÀ B\nse Cu kn²m´§sf \ymboIcn¨psImv Camw dmkn FgpXp¶p: “hnhn[ hi§fneqsS ]pcpj·mÀ¡v kv{XoItf¡mÄ Øm\ apÅXmbn ImWmw. klPambn AhcnepmIp¶ KpW§fm epw CÉmw hnthN\s¸Sp¯nb hn[nIfmepw Cu alXzapmbn ¯ocp¶p. klPKpW§sf hnÚm\w, iàn F¶o cp `mK ambn¯ncn¡mw. ]pcpj\p _p²nbpw hnthIhpw A[nIaps ¶Xnepw {]bmkIcamb {]hÀ¯\§Ä¡v ]cn]qÀWtijn bps¶Xnepw kwibanÃ. {]kvXpX cp Imcy§ÄsImp Xs¶ _p²niàn, \nÝb ZmÀVyX, iàn, Fgp¯v F¶o hnjb§fn IqSpXembpw IpXnckhmcn, ic{]tbmKw F¶nh bnepw ]pcpj³ kv{XobpsS ap³]´nbnemWv. {]hmNI·mcpw ]ÞnX·mcpw Ahcn \n¶mWpmbXv. sNdpXpw hepXpamb `cWm[nImcw, Cama¯v, bp²w, _m¦v, JpYp_p, C AvXnIm^v F¶nhsbÃmw Ahcn \njn]vXamWv. ]ÞnX·mcpsS GIm 138
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
`n{]mbw A\pkcn¨v sImekw_Ôambpw aäpapÅ {Inan\ tIkpIfn Ahsc am{Xta km£n \ndp¯m³ ]äpIbpÅq. Camwim^n(d)hnsâ A`n{]mb{]Imcw hnhmlkm£n¡pw ]pcpj³ Xs¶bmhWw. A\´cmhImi¯n hÀ²\hpw Ah tijn¨ `mK¯nsâ ]qÀW AhImihpw Ah\pXs¶. a\x]qÀ ÆaÃmsXbpÅ h[¯n LmXIsâ `mK¯p\n¶p \ÂIp¶ ‘sX’¯n\pw kXy¯n\pw Ah\mWv AÀl\mbn¯ocp¶Xv. hnhml¯n c£mIÀXrXzw hln¡pI, hnhmltamN\w \S ¯pI, `mcysb hopw aS¡n FSp¡pI, H¶ne[nIw CWIsf kzoIcn¡pI CsXÃmw Ahsâ {]tXyIXbmWv. Ahcntebv¡p am{Xta k´m\§sf tNÀ¡s¸SpIbpÅq. CsXÃmw ]pcpj ·mÀ¡p kv{XoItf¡mÄ alXzaps¶v Adnbn¡p¶p. (cmw ImcWw) ‘AhÀ AhcpsS k¼¯n \n¶v (`mcyamÀ¡pthn) Nnehgn¨XpsImÅpw’ F¶v AÃmlp ]dªXmWv. AXmbXv ]pcpj·mÀ kv{XoIÄ¡p alvdpw Nnehpw sImSp¡p¶XpsImv kv{Xotb¡mÄ ]pcpj³ D¯a\msW¶À°w.” Camw dmknbpsS Cu \ymb§fn sXm®qdp iXam\hpw JpÀBs\ ASnØm\s¸Sp¯nbn«pÅXmWv. ta D²cn¨ J ÞnIbpsS BZy`mK¯v _p²niàn, \nÝbZmÀVyX, iàn, Fgp¯v, IpXnckhmcn, ic{]tbmKw F¶nhbn ]pcpj\v kv{Xotb¡mÄ Ignhps¶p ]dbp¶p. JpÀBs\ \ymboIcn ¡phm³ Camwdmkn ]dbp¶ Cu bpànIÄs¡m¶pw hnebnÃ. Cu FÃm¡mcy§fnepw kv{Xobpw ]pcpj\pw X½n hyXymk sam¶panÃ. imcocnIiàn, hen¸w F¶o Imcy§fn kv{Xo IÄ ]pcpj·mtc¡mÄ ]pdInemIm³ ImcWw `£Ww, hymbm aw F¶nh kv{XoIÄ¡p th{X e`n¡m¯XpsImmWv. GXp sXmgnepw ]pcpjt\t¸mse sN¿m³ Ignbpsa¶v kv{XoIÄ sX fnbn¨p Ignªp. `cWcwK¯p kv{XoIÄ¡v ]pcpj·msct¸mse Xs¶ Ignhps¶v CµncmKmÔnbpw amÀKcäv Xm¨dpw XpS§n F{Xtbm alXnIÄ kzPohnXwsImv hyàam¡n. Ncn{X ¯n CXn\v thsdbpw [mcmfw sXfnhpIfpv. Cu ]Ým¯e ¯n thWw apl½Znsâ Xmsg sImSp¡p¶ hmNIw hnebncp t¯Xv. 139
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
“X§fpsS `cWt\XrXzw Hcp kv{XobneÀ¸n¨ P\X hnP bw {]m]n¡pIbnÃ.”12 apl½Zn\v F§s\bmWv C{Xtbsd kv{Xo hntcm[w Dm bXv? At±l¯nsâ PohNcn{X¯nsâ ]Ým¯e¯n am{Xta AXp a\Ênem¡m³ IgnbpIbpÅq. Atd_y³ tKm{XhÀK¡m cpsSbnSbn kv{XoIÄ XcwXmgv¯s¸« Hcp hn`mKambncp¶p. AXv sNdp¸¯n apl½Znsâ a\Ên ]Xnªp. ]t£, ]«W §fnse kv{XoIfpsS ØnXn A{XXs¶ ]nt¶m¡ambncp¶nÃ. At±l¯nsâ BZy`mcybmb JZoP Xs¶ h¼n¨ kz¯nsâ AhIminbpw hym]mc{]apJbpambncp¶tÃm. Z£nW Atd_y bpsS Ncn{X¯n ]¨]nSn¨p\n¡p¶ ti_mcmÚnbpsS IYbpw \mKcnI h\nXIÄ¡v tKm{Xh\nXIsf¡mÄ DbÀ¶ Øm\apmbncp¶p F¶v sXfnbn¡p¶p. ]t£, Imcyamb hn Zym`ymksam¶pw CÃmXncp¶ apl½Zn\v B Ncn{X ]Ým¯ew Adnbmambncp¶ncn¡bnÃ. JZoPbpsS acWwhsc aäp kv{XoIfp ambn apl½Zv _Ôs¸«Xmbpw ImWp¶nÃ. a¡¯p\n¶pw aZo\t¯bv¡p t]mIpIbpw AhnsS BZys¯ CÉmanIcmjv{Sw Øm]n¡pIbpw sN¿pt¼mÄ At±l¯nsâ {]mbw A³]Xp Ifnembncp¶p. ssewKnItijn IpdªpXpS§p¶ B Ime¯v \nch[n `mcyamscbpw sh¸m«nIsfbpw ASnakv{XoIsfbpw At±lw k¼mZn¨p. Ahcn NneÀ hfsc {]mbwIpdªhcp ambncp¶p. AhcpsSsbÃmw imcocnImhiy§Ä Xt¶s¡mv \nÀhln¡m³ IgnbpIbnsöpw AhÀ hgnsXän k©cn¡m³ km[yXbps¶pw kzm`mhnIambpw apl½Zv kwibn¨p. AXp sImv ho«n hcp¶ AXnYnIÄ¡pt]mepw At±lw \nb{´ Ww GÀs¸Sp¯n: “kXyhnizmknIsf! Blmcw Ign¡phm³ £Wn¨psImv A\paXn e`n¨meÃmsX \_nbpsS hoSpIfn \n§Ä {]thin ¡cpXv. (hà Bhiy¯n\pw \n§Ä AhnsS hcp¶]£w) B lmcw ]mIamIp¶Xv Im¯ncn¡bpacpXv. \n§sf (Blmc¯n \p £Wn¨m \_nbpsS ho«nÂ) {]thin¨psImÅpI. Blm cw Ign¨pIgnªmtem, ]ncnªpt]mhpI. hÀ¯am\w ]dªp ckn¨psImv \n§Ä (AhnsS) Ccn¡cpXv. AXp (\_nbpsS) 140
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
a\Ên\p hnjaapm¡pw. \n§tfmSXp Xpd¶p]dbm³ \_n eÖn¡pw. kXyw Xpd¶p ]dbm³ AÃmlp eÖn¡p¶nÃ.”13 AhnsS AYhm sN¶mÂXs¶, \_nbpsS `mcyamtcmSv F§ s\ s]cpamdWsa¶pw ASp¯ hN\§fn ImWmw: “\_nbpsS `mcyamtcmSv hà km[\hpw \n§Ä Bhiys¸ Sp¶]£w adbpsS ]pd¯p\n¶v AhtcmSv (Bhiys¸SpI). \n§fptSbpw AhcptSbpw lrZb§fpsS ]cnip²n¡v Gähpw D]bpàamb \S]Sn{Iaw AXmWv. ssZhZqXsâ a\Ên\p hnj aapm¡m³ \n§Ä¡p ]mSnÃ. At±l¯nsâ tijw At±l ¯nsâ `mcyamsc hnhmlw sN¿m\pw \n§Ä¡p ]mSnÃ. AXv AÃmlphn¦Â hfsc Kuchtadnb hnjbamWv. ”14 C§s\ hnizmknIsf Xm¡oXp sN¿pI am{XaÃ, `mcyamÀ ¡pw \_n AÃmlphn \n¶pÅ D]tZiamsW¶ hymtP\ sImSp¡p¶ \nÀt±ihpw {it²bamWv: “\_nbpsS `mcyamsc! \n§Ä aäp kv{XoIfn Bsct¸mse bpaÃ. \n§Ä AXpsImv PohnX¯n kq£vaX ssIs¡m ÅpI. (A\y]pcpj·mcpambn kwkmcn¡pt¼mÄ \n§Ä kwkmc¯n Xmgvabpw kuaXyXbpw ImWn¡cpXv. ImWn¡p ¶ ]£w, lrZbs¯ tcmKw _m[n¨v (\n§fnÂ) tamlw P\n t¨¡mw.”15
]À±m k{¼Zmbw `mcyamÀ¡v \nb{´Ww GÀs¸Sp¯n; ho«n hcp¶ AXnYnIsf IÀi\ambn hne¡n. CXpsImsm¶pw apl½Zp\_n¡v kam [m\ambnÃ. At¸mgmWv At±lw ]À±mk{¼Zmbw sImph cp¶Xv. injy\mb Dadn\v t\ct¯ B A`n{]mbw Dmbncp ¶p. At±l¯nsâ \nÀt±iw A\pkcn¨mWv ]À±msb kw_ Ôn¡p¶ JpÀB³ hN\w DmbsX¶v Hcp lZokn DaÀ Xs¶ ]dbp¶pv.16 “(CtX{]Imcw) kXyhnizmkn\nIfmb kv{XoIsfbpw A\y ]pcpj·mcpsSbpw ap¼n \n¶v AhcpsS I®pIÄ Iogvt]m«p Xmgv¯phm\pw AhcpsS k´mt\mev]mZt\{µnb§Ä kq£n ¡phm\pw D]tZin¡pI. kv{XoIfpsS kuµcy¯nÂ\n¶p shfn 141
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
s¸«p InS¡p¶ `mKaÃmsX, asäm¶pw AhÀ shfns¸Sp¯nt¸m IcpXv. X§fpsS X«hpwsImv AhÀ s\ªp adbv¡s«. `À¯m ¡·mÀ, ]nXm¡Ä, `À¯m¡·mcpsS ]nXm¡Ä, `À¯m¡·mcp sS ]p{X·mÀ, kzktlmZc·mÀ, kzktlmZc·mcpsS ]p{X·mÀ, kzktlmZcnamcpsS ]p{X·mÀ, X§fpsS \nb{´W¯n³ Iogn Pohn¡p¶hÀ, ssewKnIamb B{Kl§fnÃm¯ ]cnNmcI·mÀ, Asæn kv{XoIfpsS ssewKnI clky§Ä [cn¨n«nÃm¯ sNdnb B¬Ip«nIÄ ChcpsS ap¼neÃmsX X§fpsS kuµcyw AhÀ shfnhm¡cpXv. (A{]Imcw Xs¶ X§Ä ad¨phbv¡mdpÅ kuµcyw aäpÅhÀ Adnbphm³ DX Ip¶hn[w ImepIÄsImv AhÀ Nnhn«n\S¡pIbpacpXv. ”17 C§s\ Iev]n¨XpsImpw \_n¡p Xr]vXnbmbnÃ. Iptd¡ gnªv ]À± At±lw IqSpX IÀi\am¡pIbpw `h\¯n\p ]pd¯pÅ AhcpsS bm{Xbv¡v \ntcm[\w GÀs¸Sp¯pIbpw sNbvXp. AXn\pw ImcW¡mc³ DaÀ Xs¶. lZokn B kw`hw C§s\ hnhcn¡p¶p: “Bbnim (d)bn \n¶pw \nthZ\w. Xncpta\nbpsS ]Xv\n amÀ¡v cm{Xn aeaq{X hnkÀÖ\¯nsâ Bhiyw t\cn«m ‘a\mknC’te¡mWv AhÀ t]mImdpmbncp¶Xv. Xpd¶p InS ¡p¶ Hcp hnimeamb ssaXm\amWXv. ‘A§bpsS ]Xv\namsc ]pdt¯¡phnSmsX kzKrl¯n HXp¡n \ndp¯nbmepw’ F¶v Xncpta\ntbmSv l{k¯v DaÀ ]et¸mgpw At]£n¡mdpm bncp¶p. ]t£, Xncpta\n A§s\ sNbvXncp¶nÃ. AXn¶nS bv¡v Xncpta\nbpsS ]Xv\n kuZm (d) Hcp Znhkw cm{Xn Cim kab¯v aehnkÀÖ\¯n\mbn ]pd¯pt]mbn. AhÀ Iptd s]m¡apÅ kv{Xobmbncp¶p. Ahsc It¸mÄ ‘Hm! kuZm! \n§sf R§Ä a\Ênem¡nbncn¡p¶p’ F¶v l{k¯v DaÀ hnfn¨p]dªp. kv{XoIÄ ho«n \n¶v ]pd¯nd§nt¸mIp¶Xv XSªpsImpÅ Iev]\ AÃmlphn¦Â\n¶v e`n¡Wsa¶pw B{Klw At±l¯n\pmbncp¶p. A¡mcWw sImmWv A §s\ hnfn¨p ]dªXv. At¸mÄ AÃmlp CÉmanI ]À±bpsS IÂ]\ AhXcn¸n¨p.”18 142
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
cmas¯ ]À±m IÂ]\bpsS ImcyamWv ChnsS ]dbp¶Xv. BZyt¯Xnt\¡mÄ cq£amb B IÂ]\bnXmWv: ‘\n§Ä’ hoSpIfn AS§nbncn¡pI. (]pd¯p t]mtIn hcpt¼mÄ) ]gb AÚm\Ime¯v shfns¸Sp¯nbncp¶Xp t]mse, \n§fpsS kuµcyw shfns¸Sp¯cpXv. \akvImcw apd {]Imcw A\pjvSn¡pI. k¡m¯p sImSp¡pI. AÃmlphn t\bpw Ahsâ ZqXt\bpw A\pkcn¨p Pohn¡pI. \_nbpsS ho«pImtc! \n§fn \n¶p amen\yw ZqcoIcn¡pIbpw \n§sf ip²oIcn¡pIbpw sN¿Wsa¶p am{XamWv CXpsImsÃmw AÃmlp Dt±in¡p¶Xv.19 asämcp Ahkc¯n \_n ]dªp: “kv{Xo adªp \n t¡hfmWv. AhÄ ]pd¯p IS¶m ]nimNv Ahfn {]Xy £s¸Spw. (AhÄ A\ycm BIÀjn¡s¸Spw).”20 aeaq{X hnkÀÖ\¯ns\mgnsI ]pd¯pt]mIcpsX¶mbn cp¶p \_n ]Xv\namÀ¡p In«nb hn[n. Ipsd Ignªt¸mÄ AhÀ¡pthn I¡qkpIÄ \nÀ½n¡s¸«p. AXn\ptijw aeaq{XhnkÀÖ\¯n\p thnt]mepw AhÀ¡v ]pd¯pt]m Im³ BhiyanÃmXmbn.21 AYhm ]pd¯p t]mtI AXymh iyw h¶m ]À± [cn¨psImpam{Xta ]pd¯p t]mImhq F ¶pw hn[n¡s¸«p. `À¯mhnsâtbm hnhmlw \ntcm[n¡s¸« ASp¯ _Ôphnsâtbm IqsSbÃmsX Hcp kv{Xobpw cp Znh ks¯ Zqcbm{X sN¿m³ ]mSnsöpw \_n Iev]n¨p. 22 lZokpIfn hnhcn¡p¶ asämcp hnhchpw apl½Znsâ AkqbmIepjnXamb ]pcpjta[mhnXzw shfns¸Sp¯p¶p: “D½pkea (d)bn \n¶p \nthZ\w. Rm\pw ssa\q\ (d)bpw \_n (k)bpsS ASp¯pÅ kµÀ`¯n C_v\p D½naàpw (d) BKX\mbn. XÕabw dkq (k) “\n§Ä cpt]cpw At±l¯n \n¶p adªp \n¡pho³” F¶p ]dªp. Rm³ tNmZn¨p: “AÃmlphnsâ {]hmNIsc! At±lw R§sf Im Wm³ Ignbm¯ AÔ\tÃ?” AXn\p \_n (k)bn \n¶p e `n¨ {]XnIcWw “\n§Ä Ccphcpw AÔcmtWm? \n§Ä At± ls¯ ImWp¶ntÃ?” F¶mbncp¶p.”23 143
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
B AÔs\ Im Xsâ `mcyamÀ¡v Abmfn Xmev]cyw tXm¶nt¸mIptam F¶p `bs¸Sp¶ apl½Znt\mSv \ap¡v A\pI ¼bmWv tXm¶pI. GXmbmepw \_n GÀs¸Sp¯nb ]À±mk {¼Zmbw XpSÀ¶ph¶ CÉmwaX t\Xm¡·mscÃmw AwKoIcn ¡pIbpw {]Ncn¸n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. DaÀ Jen^v Bb Ime¯v ]À± hfsc IÀi\ambn. XpSÀ¶v FÃm apÉow cmPy§fnepw AXp {]Ncn¨p. Ignª 1300þ ]cw hÀj§fmbn At\I tImSn kv{XoP\§Ä Cu \njvTqc\nba¯n¶ncbmbn PohnXw Ign¨pIqt«nh¶p.
kv{XoIfpsS kp¶¯v C³Uybn A[nIw {]Nmc¯n h¶n«nsænepw a[y]uc kvXytZi§fnepw B{^n¡bnepapÅ apÉo§fpsSbnSbn kv{XoIfpsS kp¶¯pw {]Nmc¯nencn¡p¶p. ]pcpj·mcpsS enwKm{K¯nepÅ sXmen apdn¨p Ifbp¶ tNemIÀ½w (kp¶ ¯p IeymWw) t]mseXs¶ AhnS§fn apÉo§Ä kv{XoI fpsS ImamX]{Xw (Clitoris) apdn¨p Ifbp¶p. Hcp CÉmwaX hnÚm\tImi¯n ]dbp¶p: “im^nIfpsS kv{XoIÄ¡pw ]pcpj·mÀ¡pw tNemIÀ½w \St¯Xv [mÀ½nIamb IS¸mSmWv. ]pcpj·msc kw_Ôn ¨nSt¯mfw enwKm{Ks¯ sXmen apgph³ apdn¨p IfbWw. kv{XoIÄ¡mIs« ImamX]{XamWv apdn¨p IftbXv....a¡bn 3þ\pw 7þ\pw hbÊn\nSbv¡v B¬Ip«nIfpsS tNemIÀ½w BÀ`mS ]qÀÆambpw s]¬Ip«nIfpsS tNemIÀ½w A\mÀ`mSam bpw \S¯p¶p.”24 CuPn]vXnse kv{XoIfpsSbnSbn \ne\n ¡p¶ tNemIÀ½t¯¸än {]apJ kv{XotcmKhnZKv²\mb F³. F. AÂZmhn C§s\ tcJs¸Sp¯nbncn¡p¶p: “CuPn]vXnse {Kma§fn Xmakn¡p¶ an¡hmdpw kv{Xo IÄ Cu BNmc¯n\p IogS§nbhcmWv. tNemIÀ½w kv{XoI sf kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfw hcnbpSbv¡en\p XpeyamWv. AtXmSp IqSn kv{XoIfpsS ssewKnIm`ncpNnbpw Xocp¶p.”25 C§s\ kv{XoIsf FÃm hn[¯nepw NqjWw sN¿pIbmWv CÉmwaXw. AhÄ ]pcpjsâ Imak¼qÀ¯n¡pw ASp¡f 144
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
`cW¯n\pw am{XapÅ shdpw D]IcW§fm¡n CÉmwaXw Xcw Xmgv¯n. AXns\Xncmbn apÉow cmPy§fnse kv{XoIÄ Xs¶ Ct¸mÄ kacw Bcw`n¨ncn¡pIbmWv. References: 1. JpÀB³, 22:45 2. klolp _pJmcn 1812 3. Ibid., 545 4. Ibid., 203 5. JpÀB³, 4:3 6. Ibid., 2:228 7. Ibid., 2:223 8. Ibid., 4:34 9. Ibid., 545 10. Ibid., 2:282 11. Camw dmkn, 3:215, ‘kv{XoIfpw PqapA:Pam A¯pw’ F¶ F.]n. A_qt_¡À apÉnbmcpsS {KÙ¯n D²cn¨Xv. t]Pv 16-18 12. klolp _pJmcn, 1655 13. JpÀB³, 33:53 14. Ibid. 15. Ibid., 33:32 16. klolp _pJmcn, 25 17. JpÀB³, 24:31 18. klolp _pJmcn, 118 19. JpÀB³, 33:33 20. XnÀaZn, ‘kv{XoIfpw PqapA PamA¯pw’ F¶ ]pkvXI¯n D²cn¨Xv. t]Pv 33-34 21. Ibid., 40 22. klolp _pJmcn, 868 23. kv{XoIfpw PqapA PamA¯pw, t]Pv 30 24. Shorter Encyclopaedia of Islam, (London, 1953), p. 254, 255 25. bpànNn´, (sUÂln, 1981) t]Pv- 123
145
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
12 Nne {]tXyI BNmc§fpw AÔhnizmk§fpw CÉmwaX¯nsâ {]mamWnI {KÙ§fmb JpÀB\pw lZokp Ifpw hmbn¡pt¼mÄ IuXpI]camb ]e hnhc§fpw In«pw. ap Éo§fpsSbnSbn \ne\n¡p¶ Nne BNmc§Ä, AÔhn izmk§Ä F¶nhsb kw_Ôn¡p¶ A¯cw Imcy§Ä Ah cpsS kmaqly a\xkm£nsb a\Ênem¡m³ klmbn¡pw.
ap¯vA IeymWw Ad_n¡¨hS¡mÀ sN¶ptNÀ¶ Øe§fnseÃmw Bcw`n¨n «pÅ Hcp ZpcmNmcamWnXv. I¨hS¡mc\mb Ad_n apÉow GsX¦nepw Hcp cmPy¯v sN¶v Hcp hÀjw Xmakn¡p¶p F¶p shbv¡pI. At¸mÄ AbmÄ¡v `mcysbIqsS sImpt]mIm³ km[yaÃ, ]t£, ssewKnImhiy§Ä \nÀhln¡pIbpw thWw. hy`nNcn¡p¶Xv KuchapÅ IpäamWv. C¯cw L«§fn sN ¶p Xmakn¡p¶ Øes¯ GsX¦nepw bphXnbpambn AbmÄ Hcp tIm¬{SmIvSv hnhmlw \S¯pw. Hcp hÀjw Ignªv Xncn¨p t]mIpt¼mÄ Ahsc hnhml_Ô¯n \n¶p tamNn¸n¡p Ibpw sN¿pw. kv{Xo[\w sImSp¡m³ \nhr¯nbnÃm¯ IpSpw _§fnse ]e kv{XoIfpw C¯cw hnhml¯nteÀs¸Spw CXn \mWv aqTmIeymWw F¶p ]dbp¶Xv. tIcf¯n tImgnt¡mSp {]tZi¯v C¯cw [mcmfw hnhmlw \S¶n«pv. CXv CÉmwaXw AwKoIcn¨Xsöv Nne ]ptcmKa\hmZnIfmb apÉo§Ä ]d ªp hcp¶p. ]t£, apl½Znsâ ImewapXÂXs¶ CXp {]Nm c¯nencp¶Xpw At±lw AwKoIcn¨XpamWnsX¶v apÉow Ncn{XImcI·mcnÂXs¶ Hcp hn`mKw ]dbp¶p. GXmbmepw CÉmwaXw C¯cw Xm¡menI hnhml§Ä¡v F¡mehpw A\paXn \ÂInbncp¶p.1 146
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
\mbv¡tfmSv hntcm[w a\pjykapZmb¯nsâ hnImkNcn{X¯n AhÀ¡v F¶pw _ Ôphmbncp¶ Hcp PohnbmWv \mbv. `h\kwc£W¯n\pw \mbm«n\pw Hs¡ ]«nIÄ D]Icn¡p¶p. Ct¸mÄ Ipämt\zj W¯n\pw \mbv¡sf D]tbmKn¡p¶pv. ]t£, apÉo§Ä s]mXpsh \mbv¡tfmSv FXncmWv. ‘Idp¯ ]«nbpsS cq]¯n km¯m³ k©cn¡pw’ Fs¶mcp AÔhnizmkw Ad_nIfpsS bnSbn Dmbncp¶p.2 AXpsImmbncn¡mw apÉo§Ä¡v \mtbmSv hntcm[w h¶Xv. lZokpIfn \msb¸än ]dbp¶ Nne Imcy§Ä ChnsS D²cn¡mw. “Xncpta\n Acpfn: \n§fnemcpsSsb¦nepw ]m{X¯n \n¶v \mbv shÅw IpSn¨m B ]m{Xw Ah³ Ggp {]mhiyw Igp Is«.”3 “\mbv¡fpw {]Xncq]§fpapÅ `h\¯n ae¡pIÄ {]th in¡pIbnÃ.”4 kn.F³. Al½Zv auehn, _pJmcn¡v hymJym\sagpXp t¼mÄ ]dbp¶Xpw {i²mÀlamWv. \mbpsS Imcy¯n CÉm anse ]ÞnX·mÀ¡nSbn ]e A`n{]mb§fpv. \msb sXm «m Ggp {]mhiyw IgpIWsa¶v Camwim^n Cu ]dbpt¼mÄ \mbsb Adp¯p `£n¡msa¶v Camw amenIv ]dbp¶p. \mb bpsS hmbvsImv sXm«m am{Xta IgptIXpÅpsh¶mWv Camw _pJmcnbpsS ]£w... \mb Xebn« ]m{Xw Ggp {]mh iyw IgpIm³ IÂ]n¨t¸mÄ AXn Hcp {]mhiyw a®p tNÀ¯p IgpIWsa¶p Xncpta\n DWÀ¯nbn«pv.”5 sUtämfpw CXc tcmKmWp\min\nIfpw Ip]nSn¡p¶Xn\p ap¼pÅ Ime¯v Cu IgpI BhiyamsW¶p k½Xn¡mw. ]t£, AÃmlphnsâ ae¡n\v ]«nsb F´mWv t]Sn? A\p hmZw IqSmsX GXp ho«nepw Ibdns¨Ãp¶ kz`mhamWv ae ¡pIÄ¡pÅsX¶mWv ]dbs¸Sp¶Xv . A§s\bpÅhsc Im ]«n shdptXhnSpIbnsöpÅXv XoÀ¨.
arK§Ä kwkmcn¨p ap¯Èn¡YIÄt]mepÅ ]eXpw lZokpIfn ImWmw. Hcp 147
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
DZmlcWanXmWv: “Hcn¡Â Xncpta\n (k) C§s\ Acpfn: H cmÄ Hcp ]iphnsâ ]pd¯p Ibdn bm{X sN¿pt¼mÄ CSbv¡p sh¨v B arKw AbmfpsS t\sc XncnªpsImv ]dªp: Fs¶ krjvSn¨n«pÅXv CXn\p thnbÃ. Irjn¡pthnbmWv Fs¶ krjvSn¨ncn¡p¶Xv. F¶n«v Xncpta\n (k) C§s\ Acpfn: “]ip kwkmcn¨p F¶Xv Rm³ hnizkn¡p¶p. (F¶n«v Xncp ta\n XpSÀ¶v Acpfn) Hcn¡Â Hcp sN¶mbv HcmSns\ X«ns¡m pt]mbn. At¸mÄ B«nSb³ AXns\ ]n´pSÀ¶p. At¶cw sN¶mbv tNmZn¨p. “Hcp CSb\panÃm¯ Ime¯v h\yarK§Ä Cu BSpIsf B{Ian¡ms\¯pt¼mÄ Chsb c£n¡m³ Rm\ ÃmsX aämcmWpmhpI?” At¸mgpw Xncpta\n (k) A§s\ Acpfn. “sN¶mbv kwkmcn¨p F¶ Imcy¯nepw F\n¡pw A_qt_¡dn\pw Dadn\pw Dd¸pv.”6
tcmKw ]m]¯nsâ ^ew tcmK§Ä DmIp¶Xn\v ]e ImcW§fpaps¶v B[p\nI a\pjyÀ¡dnbmw. F¶m AÃmlphpw {]hmNIcpw ]dbp¶Xv ]m]¯nsâ ^eamWv tcmKsa¶mWv. “tcmKw _m[n¨ hnizmkn bn \n¶v ac¯n \n¶v DW§nb Ce F¶Xpt]mse ]m] §Ä X\nsb sImgnªp t]mIpw” F¶v lZokn ]dbp¶p. ssZhamWv FÃmäntâbpw {kjvSmsh¶pw At±lw kÀÆ RvP\msW¶pamWtÃm hnizmknIÄ ]dbp¶Xv. kÀÆià s\¶p ]dbs¸Sp¶ B AÃmlphn\pw At±l¯nsâ {]hmNI s\¶p ]dbs¸Sp¶ apl½Zn\pw tcmKw, NnInÕ XpS§nbhsb ¸änbpÅ A`n{]mb§Ä JpÀB\n tcJs¸Sp¯nbn«pv. “Xncpta\n (k) C§s\ Acpfp¶Xp Rm³ tI«n«pv. Cu Icn©ocIw acWsamgn¨pÅ FÃm tcmK§Ä¡pw ia\uj[ amWv.”7 CXv icnbmsW¦n B[p\nI NnInkvXmimkv{X¯nsâ hnImkw Bhiyambncp¶nÃ. Ct¸mgpw icn¡p NnInÕ Ip ]nSn¡m¯ a´v, Im³kÀ XpS§nbhbv¡v Icn©ocIw sImSp ¯m aXntbm? C\n asämcp NnInÕmhn[n tIt«mfq: Xncpta\n Acpfn: “tcmKia\w aq¶v Huj[§fnemWv ØnXn 148
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
sN¿p¶Xv. Hcp {]mhiyw IpSn¡m\pÅ tX³, Hcn¡Â sIm¼p shbv¡pI, Hcp {]mhiyw NqSphbv¡pI. Fsâ A\pbmbnItfmSp NqSpshbv¡cpsX¶p Rm\nXm hntcm[n¨psImÅp¶p.”8 CXn\p hn]coXambn asämchkc¯n ]dbp¶p: “Xncpta\n (k) Acpfn: \n§Ä sN¿p¶ NnInÕIfn Gähpw ta¯cw sIm¼pshbv¡epw IkvXp _lvcn D]tbmKn¡epamWv. Xncp ta\n C§s\ XpSÀ¶cpfn: \n§fpsS Ip«nIÄ¡v sXmbn thZ\bpmIpt¼mÄ hncÂsh¨aÀ¯n \n§fhsc ]oUn¸n¡ cpXv. \n§Ä IkvXv D]tbmKn¨psImÅpI.”9 asämchkc¯n \_n D]tZin¨p. “knwls¯ `bt¶mSpw t]mse ITn\Xc§fmb XzIvtcmK§fn \n¶v \o HmSnbI¶p sImÅpI”10 F¶v. Hcp apdnsshZysâ NnInÕbpw `b¸mSpamWv ChnsS¡mWp ¶Xv . am\hcminsb BsI `ojWns¸Sp¯ns¡mncp¶ IpjvTw, £bw, t¹Kv, tImfd, hkqcn XpS§nb tcmK§Ä¡v B[p\nI sshZyimkv{Xw ^e{]Zamb NnInÕ Ip]nSn¨p. “AÃmlphnsâ ZqX\v' F´psImp ^e{]Zamb NnInÕ \nÀ t±in¡m³ IgnªnÃ? kÀÆÚ\mb AÃmlp Fs¶mcmÄ Dmbncp¶psh¦n AXn\p hnjbapmbncp¶nÃ. t\sc adn¨v “t¹KpaqeapÅ acWw càkm£nbpsS acWamWv”11 F¶p ]dªv HgnbpIbmWv apl½Zp sNbvXXv. shdpw Hcp \m S³ a{´hmZnbpsS Xe¯ntebv¡v apl½Zp XmW kw`h§fpw lZokpIÄ tcJs¸Sp¯p¶pv. Bbnjm (d)bn \n¶p \nthZ\w. It®dp X«nbm a{´n ¨qXm³ Xncpta\n (k) D]tZin¨n«pv.12 “D½kea (d)bn \n¶p \nthZ\w. apJ¯v Hcp ]mSpÅ Hcp s]¬Ip«nsb AhnSps¯ ho«nÂsh¨p It¸mÄ Xncpta \n (k) Acpfn: Ahsf \n§Ä a{´n¨qXns¡mÅpI. AhÄ¡v It®dpX«nbncn¡p¶p.”13 “AÃmlphnsâ \ma¯n \½psS \mYsâ A\paXntbmsS, \½psS `qanbnse a®v \½n NnecpsS Xp¸p\otcmSpIqSn \½psS tcmKnbpsS tcmKs¯ ian¸n¡s«” F¶v Xncpta\n (k) tcmKnsb t\m¡ns¡mv {]mÀ°n¡mdpmbncp¶p. 14 149
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
“Bbnjbn \n¶p \nthZ\w. hnjapÅsX´p IpSn¨mepw a{´n¡phm³ Xncpta\n (k) A\phZn¨n«pv. ”15 GsX¦nepw AeÀPnsImtm atäsX¦nepw hn[¯ntem apJ¯pmIp¶ ]mSv asämcmfpsS I®p ]änbpmbXmsW¶v ]dbpI. AXn\p NnInÕbmbn a{´hmZs¯ \nÀt±in¡pIþ CsXms¡ 1300 hÀj§Ä¡p ap¼p Pohn¨ncp¶ Hcp tKm{XhÀK cmPmhn\mImw. ]m¼p ISn¨m a{´hmZw sNbvXm aXnsb¶p IcpXp¶hÀ C¶papv. aqÀJ³ ]m¼ns\s¡mv GsX¦nepw hnjand¡m³ Ignbp¶hÀ¡v \sÃmcp XpI sImSp¡msa¶v apw ss_bnse lm^vssI³ C³Ìnäyq«v {]Jym]n¨n«v hÀj§fm bncn¡p¶p. CXphsc Hcp apÉow a{´hmZnbpw B shÃphnfn kzoIcn¨n«nÃ. t\scadn¨v kÀ¸Zwi\ta¡p¶ apÉo§Ä Bip]{XnIfn t]mbn Bânsh\³ Ip¯nsh¨v c£s]« A\p`h§Ä [mcmfapv. BcpsSsb¦nepw ]m\ob¯n Cu¨ hoWm Cu¨sb apgp h\mbn AXn ap¡nsbSp¯nt« ]pd¯p Ifbmhq F¶pw Cu¨ bpsS Hcp NndIn tcmKhpw atä NndIn Huj[hpamWpÅ sX¶pw apl½Zp ]dªXv ap¼p Nqn¡m«nbn«pv. CXpw 'ssZ hZqX'sâ hnhc¯nsâ seh sXfnbn¡p¶p !
`£W¯nsâ hne¡pIÄ `£W¯n NneXp tamiamsW¶pw aäp NneXv \ÃXmsW ¶pw apÉo§Ä hnizkn¡p¶p. AXn Gähpw {][m\s¸« H ¶mWv ]¶namwkw. F´mWXn\p ImcWw? ]pcmX\ skanänIv hÀK§Ä hnizkn¨ncp¶Xv ]¶n ]nimNnsâ hml\amsW¶m Wv. ]pXnb \nba ss__nfnÂXs¶ ]pd¯m¡s¸« ]nimNp ¡Ä ]¶nbn {]thin¨Xmbn ]dªpImWp¶p. ]gb\nba ss__nfnepw ]¶namwkw \njn²amsW¶p ]dªn«pv . shdpw AÔhnizmksa¶Xn Ihnª imkv{Xobamb Imcy§ sfm¶pw CXnenÃ. `£Ws¯¸än JpÀB³ ]dbp¶Xv C§s\ bmWv: “kXyhnizmknItf! \n§Ä AÃmlphnsâ imk\bv¡p hnt[bcmbn«mWv Pohn¡p¶sX¦nÂ, \mw \n§Ä¡p \ÂInbn 150
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
cn¡p¶ \à km[\§fn (BhiyapÅXp) `£n¨p sImÅpI. Aht\mSp IrXÚX ImWn¡pI.”17 “ihhpw càhpw ]¶namwkhpw AÃmlphÃm¯hÀ¡pth n Ad¡s¸«Xpw am{XamWv AÃmlp hntcm[n¨ncn¡p¶Xv. C\n hÃh\pw (Xsâ Pohs\ c£nt¡Xn¶v Cu \njn² hkvXp¡Ä Xs¶ `£n¡phm³) \nÀ_ÔnX\mbn¯oÀ¶m Ahsâ t]cn Ipäsam¶panÃ. ]t£, AXp Xn¶p¶Xv kzlrZ b¯nepZn¨ B{Klw aqeambncn¡cpXv.”18 ChnsS AÃmlphÃm¯hÀ¡pthn sIm¶sX¶p ]dbp ¶Xv ‘_nkvan’ sNmÃmsX sImÃp¶Xns\bmWv. ]¶namwkw Xn¶cpsX¶v ChnsSbpw ]dbp¶ps¦nepw ImcWw hyàam ¡p¶nÃ. “(]¶namwkw) a\pjysâ BtcmKys¯ \in¸n¡pI bpw Nne `b¦c tcmK§Ä¡v Ahs\ hnt[b\m¡pIbpw sN¿p ¶XmsW¶v sshZyimkv{X \n]pW·mÀ ]ecpw {]Jym]n¨n«p v” F¶v JpÀB³ hymJym\n¨psImv kn.F³. Al½Zv auehn CXns\ \ymboIcn¡m³ {ian¨n«pv.19 Hcp sshZyimkv {XÚ\pw ]¶namwkw tcmKapm¡psa¶p ]dªn«nsöpÅ XmWv hmkvXhw. ]¶nbpsS sXmenbn \mShncbpsS AWp ¡Ä ImWpsa¶v NneÀ ]dªn«pÅXmImw auehnbpsS sXfnhv. A\mtcmKyIcamb Npäp]mSpIfn hfcp¶ ]¶nIfnte CXp ImWmdpÅq. Nne tImgnIÄ¡v tcmKw DmImdps¶p sh¨v tImgnamwkw \njn²amsW¶p ]dbmtam? aZyw Ign¡cpsX¶v \_n ]dªn«ps¦nepw kzÀK¯n AXpw CjvSwt]mse e`n¡psa¶pw ]dbpIbpmbn.
hn{Klmcm[\ apÉo§Ä hn{Klmcm[\bvs¡XncmsW¶v AhÀ DZvtLmjn ¡mdpv. temI¯n AhÀ¡v B[n]Xyw Øm]n¡m³ km[n¨ Øe§fnseÃmw ap¼pÅ ]pcmX\ t£{X§fpw hn{Kl§fpw AhÀ XIÀ¡pIbpw sNbvXp. hn{Klmcm[\, _lpssZh]qP F¶nh CÃmXm¡m³ CÉmwaXw hfsctbsd {i²n¨ncp¶psh ¶pw AXpsImv C¡mcy§fn ]ptcmKa\]camb Hcp \ne ]mSv AhÀ¡ps¶pamWv ]ecptSbpw [mcW. aäp aX§fpsS 151
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
t£{X§Ä XIÀ¡pIbpw hn{Kl§Ä DSbv¡pIbpw sImÅ bSnbv¡pIbpw sNbvXp F¶pÅXv icnbmWv. CÃm¯ ssZh s¯ Bcm[n¡p¶Xv, AXv H¶ns\ Bbmepw ]¯ns\ Bbm epw, H¶pt]mse Xs¶bmWv. AÃmlp AÃmsX thsd ssZhan söp ]dbp¶ apÉo§ÄXs¶ C³Uybn At\Iw kn²·m tcbpw Huenbm¡tfbpw Bcm[n¡p¶Xp ImWmw. s]cp¼S¸p ]p¯³]Ån Pmdw, Imªnc¸Ånbnse Pmdw XpS§nbh A Xn s]Sp¶p. a¡bnse Im A_bnse IÃns\ hW§p¶Xpw hn{Klmcm[\bpsS asämcp cq]amWv.19 References: 1. Shorter Encyclopaedia of Islam, (London, 1953), p. 419 2, Ibid., p. 215 3. klolp _pJmcn, 132 4. Ibid., 1564 5. Ibid., p. 73 6. Ibid., 1040 7. Ibid., 1916 8. Ibid., 1914 9. Ibid., 1918 10. Ibid., 1920 11. Ibid., 1924 12. Ibid., 1925 13. Ibid., 1926 14. Ibid., 1927 15. Ibid., 1928 16. Ibid., 1934, 1358 17. JpÀ B³ 2:172 18. Ibid., 2:173 19. Ibid., p. 495 (^pSvt\m«v) 20. Fw._n.sI, CÉmapw hn{Klmcm[\bpw, (I®qÀ, 1982)
152
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
13 apl½Zv P\n¡mXncps¶¦n “C¶s¯ PohnXkn²m´§Ä A\pkcn¨p t\m¡nbm apl ½Zv {Iqc\mb Hcp IncmX\pw ZbbnÃm¯ aX{`m´\pambncp¶p. aX]camb Imcy§fn klnjvWpX ]peÀ¯nbncp¶ temI ¯v At±lw aXhntZzjw {]Ncn¸n¨p. kv{XoIfpsS kzmX{´yw At±lw sh«n¨pcp¡n. IpSpw_§sf XIÀ¯p. {Iqcamb in£IÄ At±lw Iev]n¨p. apl½Zv P\n¨nÃmbncps¶¦n temIw C¶t¯¡mÄ sa¨s¸« ØeamIpambncp¶p.”1 {]kn² Bkvt{Xenb³ {KÙImc\mb tImfn³ ‘sabvsâ CÉmansâ sImess¡’ F¶ ]pkvXIw Ahkm\n¸n¡p¶Xv taÂs¡mSp¯ hmNI§tfmSpIqSnbmWv. apl½Zn\p tijapÅ temINcn{Xhpw CÉmwaX{KÙ§fpw \njv]£ambn hmbn¡p ¶ Hcp kzX{´Nn´I³ kzm`mhnIambn A§s\ Nn´n¨p t]mIpw. a¡bnse `cWm[nImcnIfmbncp¶ JpssdinIfpsS IpSpw_¯n ]nd¶ apl½Zv B«nSb\mbpw H«It\m«¡mc\pw I¨hS¡mc\mbpw hfsc¡mew Pohn¨ tijamWv kzbw {]hmNI\msW¶p ]dªv cwK¯p hcp¶Xv. At±l¯n\p IqsS¡qsS ae¡pIÄ {]Xy£s¸SpIbpw D]tZi§Ä \ÂIp Ibpw sNbvXp F¶p ]dbp¶Xv icnbmsW¦n B[p\nI a\x imkv{X¯nsâ ZrjvSnbn kvIntkmt{^\nb F¶ am\knI tcmKw _m[n¨bmfmbncp¶p. {ItaW, Hcp aq¶mwXcw shfn¨¸m Snsâ \nebnte¡v At±lw XmWp. \nÊmcamb kzImcy{]iv\ §Ä¡p thn t]mepw {]Xy£s¸Sp¶ ae¡pw, AhXcn¸n ¡p¶ JpÀB³ hN\§fpw Hs¡ Hcp ]cnjvIrXa\pjy\v Nncn¡p hI \ÂIp¶XmWv. JpÀB³ hN\§Ä¡p ]pdta 153
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
\_nNcyIÄ hniZam¡p¶ lZokpIfpw B aXs¯¸än \ap¡v Adnhp \ÂIp¶p. XtXzm]tZi§ÄsImtm \à PohnXamXrIsImtm AÃ, hmfnsâ hmbv¯esImmWv apl½Zv BfpIsf aX¯n tNÀ¯Xv. \nch[n tKm{X§sf At±lw \in¸n¨p. tIm«IÄ XIÀ¡pIbpw sImÅbSn¡pIbpw sNbvXp. At±l¯nsâ injy·mcmIs«, {]mNo\ \mKcnIXIfpsS tI{µ§fmb an{kbn apw (Cu Pn]vXv) _m_ntemWpw SpWokpw AÊndnbbpsams¡ XIÀ¯p Xcn¸Wam¡n. C§s\ aäp cmPy§tfbpw \mKcnIXItfbpw XIÀ¯tXm sSm¸w X½nÂXÃm\pw kz´w kl{]hÀ¯IcpsS càw sNm cnbm\pw AhÀ aSn¨nÃ. Adp]¯naq¶mas¯ hbÊn apl½Zv A´cn¨t¸mÄ At±l¯nsâ `mcym]nXmhmb A_pt_¡À `cWm[nImcnbpw aXm[nImcnbpambn. Ct±lw BZyw sNbvXXv CÉmwaX¯n\p hncp²ambn N´n¡p¶hsc B{Ian¨p \in¸n ¡pIbmbncp¶p. apsskena¯v F¶bmfnsâ t\XrXz¯n \mev]Xn\mbnc¯nÂ]cw ]SbmfnIÄ A_p_¡dns\ FXnÀ ¯p. tLmcamb Cu bp²¯n apsskena¯v h[n¡s¸«p. AbmfpsS A\pbmbnIsf Iq«t¯msS sIm¶p. CÉmwaXw AwKoIcn¡phm³ k¶²X {]ISn¸n¨hÀ am{XamWv c£s¸« Xv. ]n¶oSv Jmen^v Bb DaÀ XnIª Hcp aX{`m´\mbncp¶p. ]¯p hÀjs¯ `cWIme¯n\nSbn At\Iw \Kc§tfbpw cmjv{S§tfbpw XIÀ¯p. {InkvXpaXt¯bpw bqZaXt¯bpw AXnsâ P·Øe¯p\n¶p thÀ]dn¨p hn«Xv DadmWv. Ct± ls¯ {]mÀ°\mthfbn HcmÄ Ip¯ns¡mÃpIbmbncp¶p. XpSÀ¶v A[nImc¯n h¶ Dkvam\pw B{IaW§Ä¡pw sh«n ¸nSn¯¯n\pw tamiambncp¶nÃ. kz´w BfpIÄ Xs¶ At± lt¯bpw sIm¶p. ]n¶oSnt§m«v càs¨mcn¨nensâbpw A[n ImcaÕc§fpsSbpw ImeamWv. Fs´´p cà¸pgIÄ aX¯n sâ t]cn AhÀ Hgp¡n! ]ptcmlnX ta[mhnXz¯n A[njvTn Xhpw bmsXmcp klnjvWpXbpanÃm¯Xpamb B {]mIrX aXw hnjtcmKmWpt]mse ]SÀ¶p]nSn¨p. AXp temI Ncn{X 154
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
¯nse al¯mb ]e kw`h\Itfbpw XIÀ¯p. a\pjy hÀK¯nsâ ]ptcmKXn A§s\ XSbs¸«p. aäp ]e aX§tfbpwImÄ {]mIrXhpw AÔhnizmk¯n A[njvTnXhpamb Hcp aXamWv CÉmw. AXnsâ aX{KÙamb JpÀB³ hntizm¯c {KÙamsW¶v BhÀ¯n¨mhÀ¯n¨v A XnÂXs¶ ]dbp¶pv: “C\n \½psS Zmk\p (apl½Zp\_n¡v) \mw AhXcn¸n¨p sImSp¯ JpÀB\n \n§Ä¡v (Ct¸mgpw) kwibamWpÅ sX¦n (bmYmÀ°yw Ip]nSn¡m³ Hcp amÀKapv). X¯pey amb Hcp {KÙ¯n \n¶v Hc²ymbw \n§Ä sImphcnI. thWsa¦n Hcp kwLSnX ]cn{iawXs¶ AXn\p \S¯n s¡mÅpI. AÃmlphns\ hn«p, \n§Ä¡pÅ klmbnIsf (F Ãmhsc)bpw £Wn¨psImÅpI. \n§Ä kXyhmZnIfmsW ¦nÂ.”2 “C\n A§s\bÃ, apl½Zv (AÃmlphnsâ t]cnÂ) hymP ambn \nÀ½n¨XmWv Cu JpÀBs\¶v AhÀ ]dbp¶ptm? (Ds¦nÂ) \o (AhtcmSp) ]dbpI, \n§Ä kXyhmZnIfm sW¦n JpÀB\p Xpeyamb Hc²ymbw \n§Ä X¿mdm¡n s¡mp hcnI. AÃmlphns\ hn«v BscsbÃmw (klmb¯n ¶p) hnfn¡phm³ \n§Ä¡p Ignhptm AhscsbÃmw £ Wn¡pIbpw sN¿pI.”3 Cu shÃphnfn HcÀ°¯n icnbmWv. C{X tamiamb Hcp IrXn cNn¡m³ ]eÀ¡pw IgnbpIbnÃ. tjIvkv]nbÀ \mSI§ fptStbm tSmÄtÌmbn IrXnIfptStbm ASp¯p \n¡m\pÅ tbmKyX Cu IrXn¡nÃ. hmfnsâ ap¼n sh¨v ]ecpw CXnsâ alXzw Gäp ]dªn«pmImsa¦nepw {]mIrX\pw at\mtcmKn bpamb Hcp Ad_ntKm{XhÀK cmPmhnsâ AhnZKv[ lkvX§Ä cq]w sImSp¯XmWv Cu IrXn. sImetbbpw ss]imNnI§ fmb {IqcXItfbpw CXv \ymboIcn¡p¶p. a\pjy hÀKs¯ ]ckv]cw X½n XÃn¡p¶p. Cu ]pkvXIs¯t¸mse a\p jys\ {]XnIqeambn _m[n¨n«pÅ asämcp IrXnbpw C¶phsc temI¯v Dmbn«nÃ. 155
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
References: 1. tImfn³sabn³, bpànNn´, (\yqsUÂln, 1982), t]Pv. 143 2. JpÀB³, 2:23 3. Ibid., 10:38
156
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Allerry, A.J., The Koran Interpreted, (New York, 1955) Ali, Muhammed, The Prophet Muhammad, (London, 1947) Ameer, Ali Syed, The Spirit of Islam: A History of Evolution and Idelas of Islam, (London, 1922) Amin, Muhammed, The Sayings of Prophet Muhammad, (Lahore, 1945) Arnold, T.W., Preaching of Islam, (London, 1954) Berger, Morroe, The Arab World Today, (London, 1962) Browne, lewis, The Believing World, (California, 1939) Dawood, N.J, The Koran (New Translation), (London, 1956) Ferguson, Jobn, War and Peace in the World's Religions, (London, 1977) Hughes, Thomas Patric, A Dictionary of Islam, (London, 1885) Liechtenstwader. Else, Islam and Modern Age, (London, n.d.) Nadwi, Abdul Hassan Ali, Religion and Civilisation, (Lucknow, 1970) Nasr, Seyyed Hossein, Ideals and Realities of Islam, (London, 1966) Nicholson, Reynold A., A Literary History of the Arabs, (New York, 1907) O'Leary, D, Lacy, Arabic Thought and its Place in History, (London, 1954) Payne, Robert, The Holy Sword, (London, 1961) Roberts, Robert, The Social Laws of the Qran, (New Delhi - 1978) Rodwell, J.W., The Koran: The Suras arranged in chronological order, (London, 1918) 157
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Watt, W. Montgomery, Islam and the Intergration of Society, (London, 1961) Williams, John Alden, Islam, (New York, 1961) Zafarulla Khan, Muhammad, The Qoran (English Translation), (London, 1971)
Encyclopaedias Encyclopaedia Britanica, (Chicago, 1978) Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, (New York, 1955) Rationalist Encyclopaedia, (London, 1956) The Encyclopaedia of Islam; A Dictionary of the Geography, Enthnography and Biography of the Muhammadan People, (London, 1913) Shorter Encyclopaedia of Islam, (Leiden, 1953) World Book Encyclopaedia, (Chicago, 1976)
aebmfw A_q_¡À apÉymÀ, kv {XoIfpw Pqap Ax Pam A¯pw, (tImgnt¡mSv, 1980) A_v Z pÂJmZÀ apÉymÀ Fw.F., apÉo§fpw ico A¯p \nba§fpw, (tNfmcn, 1974) A_vZpÂJmZÀ, tUm. F³., kz]v\hymJym\w, (Xncqc§mSn, 1981) A_vZpÃm auehn sI.kn, ]ctemIw JpÀB\nÂ, (tImgnt¡mSv, 1981) A_vZpÃm auehn, Sn.sI., X^vkodp JpÀB³, (]c¸\§mSn, 1981) 158
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
Aam\n auehn, apl½Zv, hnip² JpÀB³, (tImgnt¡mSv, 1981) Al½Zv auehn, kn.F³., ]cnip² JpÀB³, (tIm«bw, 1973) Al½Zv auehn, kn.F³., CÉmw Hcp ka{K]T\w, (tImgnt¡mSv, 1976) Al½Zv auehn, kn.F³., JpÀ Bs¶Xncn bpànhmZnIfpsS Nne ]¨\pWIÄ, tImgnt¡mSv. CSadpIv, CÉmanse PmXnk{¼Zmbw, (\yqsUÂln, 1981) CSadpIv, k\Â, bpànNn´, (\yqsUÂln, 1982) D½ÀIp«n, F.F³.]n., Gjy³ Ad_ncmPy§Ä, (tIm«bw, 1978) Dkvam³. tUm. A_vZpÂIcow, cmjv{SobhyhØ CÉmanÂ, (1980) Fw._n.sI., CÉmapw hn{Klmcm[\bpw, (I®qÀ, 1982) Iem\mY³, bp., CÉmwaXhpw bpànhmZhpw, (XriqÀ, 1981) Ipªn_mhm apÉymÀ, ]n.sI., kqd¯¶qÀ (]cn`mj), (XrÈqÀ, 1981) Jm³, hloZp±o³, CÉmans\ ]cnNbs¸SpI, (tacn¡p¶v, 1967) ssNX\y IrjvW, Ad_n kmlnXyNcn{Xw, (tIm«bw, 1971) N´mhqÀ, sI.hn.Fw., kod¯p CÉmw AYhm, CÉmwaX Ncn{Xw, (]c¸\§fmSn, 1981) _pJmcn, Camw apl½ZpÂ, klolp _pJmcn, (kn.F³. Al½Zv auehnbpsS ]cn`mjw), (tImgnt¡mSv, 1970) amÀ¡v dh.sI., ^m¯nlm \ncq]Ww, (XncphÃm, 1946) apÉow Camw, klolp apÉow (sI. Aehn auehnbpsS XÀÖa), (IS¶a®, 1978) apl½Zv. Sn., CÉmanse C_mZ¯v, (tImgnt¡mSv, 1979) apl½Zv apÉymÀ, sI.hn., JpÀB³ XÀÖa e£y¯nsâ shfn¨¯nÂ, (tXªn¸mew, n.d.) lʳ apÉymÀ, C.sI., XlvZnd CJvhm³an³ XÀPaXn JpÀ B³, (tImgnt¡mSv, 1982)
159
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hnaÀiIÀ¡p adp]Sn ‘JpÀB³: Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w’ {]kn²oIcn¨Xnt\¯pSÀ¶v, JpÀBs\bpw CÉmw aXt¯bpw hnaÀin¨p sImv Ggp ]pkvX I§Ä ]pd¯p hcnIbpmbn. Cu ]pkvXIs¯ hnaÀin¨p sImv CÉmwaX¯nsâ tIcf¯nse t\Xm¡·mÀ Bdp ]pkv XI§fpw {]kn²oIcn¨p. Ahtb¸änbpÅ hnhc§Ä apJhpc bn sImSp¯n«pÅXpsImv ChnsS BhÀ¯n¡p¶nÃ. Cu ]pkvXIs¯ hnaÀin¨hbn Hmtcm¶n\papÅ adp]Sn XpSÀ¶p sImSp¡p¶p.
CÉmapw CSadpIpw kn.Sn. A_vZpdlnw FgpXnb Cu ]pkvXIamWv Fsâ ]pkvX Is¯ hnaÀin¨psImv BZyw amÀ¡än F¯nbXv. Cu ]pkv XIt¯¸än kXyZqXsâ ]{Xm[n]cmb apl½Zv A_vZpÂh^m ]n¶oSv FgpXnbXv C§s\bmWv: “Hcp apÉow Fgp¯pImc³ Hcp JÞ\w {]kn²oIcns¨ ¦nepw AXv CSadpInsâ Bt£]§fn ]eXn\pw adp]Snbmbn söp am{XaÃ, Bt£]§sf icnshbv¡p¶ Xc¯nepambn cp¶p” (CSadpIp hnaÀin¨ CÉmw AhXmcnI, t]Pv XI) kn.Sn. A_vZpdlnansâ ‘CÉmapw CSadpIpw’ F¶ ]pkvX Iw hmbn¨t¸mÄ Rm³ ]dªXv ]eXpw icnbmsW¶v At± lw k½Xn¡p¶Xmbn Ip. At±l¯nsâ Nne k½Xsamgn IÄ Xmsg sImSp¡p¶p.
1. apl½Zv\_nbpsS AdnhpIpdhv hnIkzcamb a\pjy_p²n, hfÀ¨bpsS {]mcw` L«§fn kzm `mhnIamb _meniXzw {]ISn¸n¡psa¶ AwKoIrXXXzw JpÀ Bsâ ]qÀhnI hymJymXm¡Ä¡pw hIsh¨p sImSp¡phm³ 160
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
\mw k¶²cmtIXpv. A\p`h§fpsSbpw KthjW \nco £W§fpsSbpw shfn¨¯n `qan ]c¶XmsW¶p {Kln¡p hm³ am{Xta Hcp Ime¯v imkv{X¯nsâ _p²niàn hfÀ ¶ncp¶psh¦n A¡mes¯ thZhymJymXmhpw ImeL« ¯nsâ Cu ]cnanXn hIsh¨p In«m³ AÀl\mWv.” (CÉmapw CSadpIpw t]Pv 42) `qan ]c¶XmsW¶pÅ JpÀB\nse {]kvXmh\ imkv{Xhn cp²amsW¶pÅ Fsâ A`n{]mb¯n\pÅ adp]SnbmWnXv. im kv{Xw a\pjysâ _p²nbp]tbmKn¨p \S¯p¶ KthjW§ fpsS ^eambn«mWv hfcp¶Xv. AXpsImv AXn Nnet¸mÄ sXäphcmw. AXpt]mse thZhymJymXm¡Ä¡pw sXäphcmsa ¶mWv A_vZpdlnw ]dbp¶Xv. ‘JpÀB³’ FgpXnb apl½Zv \_n Ggmw iXI¯nse Atd_ybnemWv Pohn¨ncp¶Xv. `qan DcpXmsW¶p Adnbphm³ At±l¯n\v Hcp amÀKhpw Dm bncp¶nÃ. AXv At±l¯nsâ IpäaÃ. A¶p s]mXpth `qantb ¸änbpÅ [mcW AXmbncp¶p. ]Xn\©mw iXI¯n\ptij amWv `qan DcpXmsW¶ hkvXpX Ak¶nKv[ambn sXfnbp ¶Xv. At¸mÄ `qan ]c¶XmsW¶v apl½Zv ]dªXn At±l s¯ Ipäs¸Sp¯m³ km[yaÃ. ]t£, apl½Zv Znhy]pcpj\m sW¶pw JpÀB³ FgpXnbXv ssZhiànbmemsW¶pw ]d ªm Cu sXäv \ymboIcn¡phm³ km[yaÃ. FÃmw krjvSn ¨Xv ssZhamsW¶pw At±lw kÀhÚ\msW¶pw ]dbpIbpw AtX B ssZh¯n\v `qan DcpXmsW¶v Adnbm³ Ignªn söp ]dbpIbpw sN¿p¶Xv ]ckv]chncp²amWv. ‘JpÀB³’ FgpXnb Bfnsâ Adnhp Ipdhv asämcp `mK¯pw A_vZpdlnw Iptd¡qSn hyàambn k½Xn¡p¶Xp t\m¡pI:“`qanbpsS Hmtcm Awihpw tKmfmIrXnbmbn«Ã a\pjy\v A\p`hs¸Sp¶Xv. k©mcm[nhmk§Äs¡Ãmw kuIcy{]Z amb, t\ms¡¯m¯ AIe¯n ]c¶p hnimeambn InS¡p¶ Hcp hnXm\ambn«mWv `qansb AhÀ ImWp¶Xv. a\pjy¶\p`h thZyamb Cu hkvXpX kqNn¸n¨psImmWv JpÀB³ ta hnhcn¨ hn[w {]kvXmhn¨Xv.” (CÉmapw CSadpIpw, t]Pv. 46) 161
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
Rm³ ]dªXpw CXpw X½nse´mWv hyXymkw. `qan hfsc hepXmbXpsImv AXp ]c¶XmsW¶p km[mcW¡mÀ¡p tXm¶pw. ssZh¯ntâXmsW¶ a«n apl½Zv ]IÀ¯nbXv At±l¯nsâ B Adnhp IpdhmWv. Hcp ssZhw Dmbncn¡p Ibpw, At±l¯nsâ {]tNmZ\¯m apl½Zv JpÀB³ FgpXp IbpamWp sNbvXncp¶sX¦n `qan ]c¶XmsW¶pÅ sXämb {]kvXmh\ JpÀB\n ImWpambncp¶nÃ.
2. ‘JpÀB³ apl½Znsâ krjvSn’
“C¶pw ]qÀWambn a\Ênemhm¯ Nne ]cmaÀi\§Ä JpÀ B\nepv.” (‘CÉmapw CSadpIpw’ t]Pv 44) F¶v A_vZpdlnw asämcnS¯p ]dbp¶p. AXns\ At±lw \ymboIcn¡p¶Xv C§s\bmWv: “CXp ]t£, JpÀBsâ \yq\XbÃ. a\pjy _p²nbpsS kzm`mhnIamb ]cnanXnbmWv..... Hcp ]t£, Ahkm \whsc a\pjy_p²n¡v AXp ]nSnIn«msX Ahtijn¨p F¶pw hcmw.” (Sn ]pkvXIw t]Pv 44) CXp tI«m tXm¶pw, JpÀB³ FgpXnbXv a\pjyÀ¡p thnbsöv. a\pjyÀ¡v ssZhnI kXyw shfns¸Sp¯m³ th n ssZhw AhXcn¸n¨XmWv JpÀB³ F¶p ]dbp¶Xp icnbsöpw apl½Znsâ `mh\bnepw Adnhnepw s]«sXms¡ Ip¯n¡pdn¨XmWv AsX¶papÅ Fsâ A`n{]mbs¯ A_vZp dlnw ChnsSbpw icnshbv¡p¶p.
3. `qanbpw ]ÀÆX§fpw
‘`qan a\pjyt\mSp IqSn Ncnªp t]mImXncnt¡Xn\v AXn \mw Nne ]ÀhX§sf Øm]n¨p’ F¶v JpÀB³ 21:31þ ]d bp¶pv. ‘Ncnªpt]mImXncnt¡Xn\p’ F¶Xn\p ]Icw ‘Nen¡mXncn¡m\mbn’ F¶v NneÀ CXn\p XÀPa \ÂInbncn ¡p¶p. CXv ‘JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\’¯n Rm³ Nqn ¡mWn¨ncp¶p. AXn\p A_vZpdlnw ]dbp¶ \ymbw Nncn¡p hI \ÂIp¶XmWv. At±lw ]dbp¶p:“CSt¯m«pw het¯m«pw NmbmsX k©cn¡p¶ hnam\ s¯ ¡pdn¨p, hnam\w Cf¡anÃmsX ]d¡p¶p F¶p ]dbmdp tÃm. A{]Imcw \nÝnX {`aW]Y¯n Id§ns¡mncn 162
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
¡p¶ `qanbpw Cf¡anÃmsX Id§p¶p F¶À°w” (CÉmapw CSadpIpw þ t]Pv 49) hnam\w Cf¡anÃmsX ]d¡p¶p F¶p ]dbmdptÃm F¶v A_vZpdlnw ]dªncn¡p¶Xv Hcp X{´amWv. A§s\ Bcpw ]dbmdnÃ. ‘NmbmXncn¡pI’, ‘CfImXncn¡pI’ F¶o ]Z§Ä kqNn¸n¡p¶Xv, `qan \nÝeambn \n¡pIbmsW¶ hnizmk amWv JpÀB³ cNbnXmhn\v Dmbncp¶sX¶mWv. “`qan Id§ns¡mncn¡p¶p F¶p kqNn¸n¡p¶ {]kvXmh \Ifpw JpÀB\n ImWmw”þ F¶v A_vZpdlnw XpSÀ¶p ]d bp¶p. (CÉmapw CSadpIpwþt]Pv 49). CXn\p sXfnhmbn At±lw D²cn¡p¶ hmIyw JpÀB³ 21:33 BWv. Sn.sI. A_vZpà auehn B hmIyw XÀÖa sNbvXncn¡p¶Xv C§s\bmWv: “cm{Xntbbpw ]Ient\bpw kqcyt\bpw N{µt\bpw krjvSn¨ h\s{X Ah³. AhsbÃmw Htc aÞe¯n XzcnXKa\w sNbvXpsImncn¡p¶p.” kn.F³. Al½Zv auehnbpsS XÀÖa IqSn t\m¡pI: “cm¸IepItfbpw kqcyt\bpw krjvSn¨ncn¡p¶Xv Ah\ s{X. (ChbnÂ) Hmtcm¶pw AXnsâ aÞe§fn k©cn¨p sImncn¡pIbmWv.” C\nbpw Cu hmIy¯nsâ Cw¥ojv hnhÀ¯\w t\m¡mw. “It was He who created the night and the day, and the sun and the moon; each floats freely in an orbit of its own.” (The Qran, Dar AlChoura) se_t\m\nse inbþkp¶n Iu¬knepIÄ AwKoIcn¨Xpw en_nb³ Kh¬saâ v {]kn²oIcn¨Xpamb JpÀB\n \n¶p ÅXmWv ta sImSp¯ D²cWn. thÄUv CÉmanIv ]»nt¡j³ knsâ (sUÂln) t¥mdnbkv sImdm³ (Glorius Koran) B hm Iyw sImSp¡p¶Xv C§s\bmWv. “And He it is Who created the night and the day, the sun and the moon. They float each in an orbit.” CXnsem¶pw `qan Id§p¶p F¶p ]dbp¶nÃ. kqcy\pw N{µ\pw cmhpw ]Iepw k©cn¨psImncn¡p¶p F¶pÅXv a\pjyÀ AXn]pcmX\Imew apXse hnizkn¨ncp¶ ImcyamWv. 163
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
AXn IqSpX hnhcsam¶pw JpÀB\nsem ss__nfntem CÃ.
4. BImisa¶ X«v
‘JpÀB³: Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w’ F¶ {KÙ¯nsâ Hcp `mK¯v Rm³ C§s\ ]dªn«pv:“`qanbn \n¶p \át\{X§ÄsImv BImit¯¡p t\m ¡pt¼mÄ `qan¡p apIfn Hcp X«pt]mse BImiw \n¡p¶p F¶pw kqcy\pw N{µ\pw \£{X§fpsams¡ AXn\SnbneqsS k©cn¡pIbmsW¶pw \ap¡p tXm¶pw. ]e {]mNo\ aX{KÙ §fnepw ImWp¶ Nn{Xhpw AXpXs¶bmWv. BImiamIp¶ X«n\papIfn ssZh§fpw tZh·mcpw hkn¡p¶p F¶mWv k¦ ev]w. `qan¡p Xmsg ]nimNp¡Ä, Akpc·mÀ XpS§nbh hkn ¡p¶ ]mXmfaps¶pw A¡me¯p k¦ev]n¡s¸«ncp¶p.” A§s\ aq¶p temI§Ä (AImiw, `qan, ]mXmfw) Ds¶ hnizmkw \nehn h¶p. B[p\nIimkv{Xw Cu hnizmk§ sfÃmw sXämsW¶p hyàambn Øm]n¨p. kqcys\ {]Z£nWw sh¨psImncn¡p¶ {Kl§fn H¶mb `qan DcpXmsW¶pw ChnsS\n¶p t\m¡pt¼mÄ BImisa¶p \ap¡p tXm¶p¶Xv I®nsâ shdpw {`aamsW¶pw hnZqc§fmb aÞe§fn Øn XnsN¿p¶ \£{X{]]©§sf¸än t\cnb Adnhp am{Xta a\p jy\pÅq F¶pw imkv{XÚ³amÀ hyàam¡p¶p. ]t£, ssZhw Cd¡ns¡mSp¯ JpÀB\v BImiw, \£{X§Ä, kq cy³, N{µ³ XpS§nbhtb¸än Nne A`n{]mb§fpv. Nne DZmlcW§Ä Xmsg sImSp¡mw. “GgmImi§sfbpw Ahbv¡p Xpeyambn `qantbbpw krjvSn ¨h\mWv AÃmlp” (JpÀB³ 65:12) “]n¶oSv Ah³ AÃmlp BImi¯nsâ t\sc Xncnªp. F¶n«v AXns\ Ggv BImi§fm¡n icns¸Sp¯n” (JpÀB³ 2:29) “FgpXs¸« ISemkp Npcp«pw t]mse BImis¯ \mw Npcp «n¡fbp¶ Znhkw.”(JpÀB³ 21:104) “ISemkp t]msetbm XpWnt]msetbm DÅ Hcp taÂX «mWv BImisa¶pÅ [mcWbmWv C§s\ ]dbm³ apl½ 164
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
Zns\ t{]cn¸n¨Xv. aäp Nne hmIy§Ä AXp sXfnbn¡p¶p:” “(C{]Imcw Xs¶) BImis¯ \mw kpc£nXamb Hcp ta¯«pt]mse B¡pIbpw sNbvXncn¡p¶p.” (JpÀB³ 21:32) \n§Ä¡p thn `qansb Hcp hncn¸pw BImis¯ ta ¯«pam¡n. (JpÀB³ 2:21) C§s\ JpÀB\nse BImik¦ev]s¯ Rm³ FSp¯p ImWn¨ncp¶p. AXn\v A_vZpdlnw \ÂIp¶ hniZoIcWw IqSnt¡Ät¡XmWv: “CSn\mZs¯ {]]©¯nsâ ta¡qc CSn¨p XIÀ¡p¶ i_vZambn Hcp Ihn k¦Â]n¡pt¼mÄ klrZbÀ¡Xv at\ml cambn tXm¶p¶p. imkv{XÚ\v B `mj a\Ênem¡m³ Ignbp ¶p.” (CÉmapw CSadpIpw t]Pv 54) JpÀB³ hmbn¨p ckn¡m\pÅ Hcp IhnXtbm ]pcmWtam BsW¶mWv A_vZpdlnw ChnsS kqNn¸n¡p¶Xv. A§s\ bmsW¦n F\n¡v A`n{]mbhyXymkanÃ. ]t£, km[mcW apÉo§Ä ]dbp¶Xv kzÀK¯n \n¶v ssZhw Cd¡ns¡mSp¯ aX{KÙamWsX¶mWv. B ho£W¯nsâ shfn¨¯nemWv Rm³ JpÀB³ hnaÀi\w \S¯nbXv. ASnØm\ clnX§ fmb Ihn k¦ev]§fpw `mh\Ifpw CXn Ds¶v k½Xn¨ Xn\v A_vZpdlnant\mSv \µnbpv.
5. \_nbpsS sXäpIÄ
Fsâ ]pkvXI¯nse ‘JpÀB\pw imkv{Xhpw’ F¶ A[ymb ¯n hnhcn¨ncn¡p¶ Nne Imcy§sf¡pdn¨v A_vZpdlnw ]dbp¶Xv C§s\bmWv. “CSadpIv D²cn¨p ImWn¨ Cu¨bpsS NndInse Huj[w, kv{XobpsS C{µnbkvJe\w, ]\n, tIm«phmb, kz]v\w ]m¼v, ]mc¼cyimkv{Xw XpS§n sshZyhn[nIfpambn _Ôs¸« \_n hN\§tf¡pdn¨v tamdokv _p¡mbnbpsS A`n{]mbw Ah ssZhhmIy§fà \_nbpsS A`n{]mb§fmsW¶mWv. am{X aÃ, \_n hN\§sf¶ \nebv¡pXs¶ AhbpsS {]mamWnIX kwibmkv]ZamsW¶pw At±lw ]dbp¶p. a\pjys\¶ \ne bv¡v Znhyt_m[hpambn _ÔanÃm¯ ]e Imcy§fpw \_n 165
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
]dbpI kzm`mhnIamWtÃm. NnInÕ, Irjn XpS§n A²ymß IXbpambn _ÔanÃm¯ Imcy§sf kw_Ôn¨pÅ \_nbpsS {]kvXmh§Ä B C\¯n s]Sp¶p.” (CÉmapw CSadpIpw,þ t]Pv 57) \_n Hcp a\pjy\mbncp¶p F¶pw At±lw ]e sXäpIfpw ]dªn«ps¶pw A_vZpdlnw k½Xn¡p¶p. C¡mcy¯nepw At±lw Fs¶ ]n´m§p¶Xn kt´mjapv.
6. ]Xns\m¶pImcnbpambn Zm¼Xy_Ôw apl½Zp\_n ]Xns\m¶p hnhmlw Ign¨ncp¶p. AXn Hcp kv{Xobv¡v (Abnibv¡v) H¼Xp hbkpam{Xta Dmbncp¶pÅq. B s]¬Ip«n¡v ]Xns\m¶p hbkpÅt¸mÄ Ahcpambn Zm¼ Xy PohnXw Bcw`n¨p F¶pw A_vZpdlnw ]dbp¶p. (CÉmapw CSadpIpw, t]Pv. 64) BÀ¯h{]mbw t]mepw BIm¯ Hcp s]¬Ip«nbpambn Zm¼Xy_Ôw ]peÀ¯m³ CÉmwaX Øm]I\p hnjaapm bnÃ. CXv Rm³ Fsâ ]pkvXI¯n FSp¯p ]dªncp¶p. AXpw A_vZpdlnw k½Xn¨p. ]t£, Hcp \ymboIcWw At± l¯n\pv. AXnXmWv: “temIs¯ ]pXnsbmcp [mÀ½nIhyhØbnte¡p \bn¨p sImncp¶ Hcp almt\Xmhn\v _p²niànbpw sNdp¸¯nsâ IÀ½tijnbpapÅ Hcp kl[À½nWnsb¸änbpÅ Nn´ {]k àw Xs¶bmWv.” ]Xns\m¶p hbkpÅ Ip«nbpsS _p²niànbpw IÀ½ti jnbpw A]mcamsW¶p ]dbphm³ Akmam\y N¦qäw Xs¶ thWw.
7. ]p{X`mcybpw apl½Zpw AXpt]mseXs¶ \_n hfÀ¯p]p{X\mb sskZnsâ `mcybm bncp¶ ssk\_sb hnhmlw Ign¨p. ]p{X`mcysb hnhmlw Ign¡pI F¶Xv ]cnjvIrX a\pjy\v Nn´n¡m³t]mepw {]bm kamWv. ]t£, apl½Zv ]p{X`mcysb hnhmlw sNbvXp F¶p ÅXpw A_vZpdlnw k½Xn¡p¶p. (CÉmapw CSadpIpw þ t]Pv 66) 166
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
AXn\papv Hcp \ymboIcWw. AXnXmWv:- “Z¯p ]p{Xs\ ¶ ]Zhn CÉmw \nba¯nsâ km[pX\ÂIp¶nÃ. AXpsImp Xs¶ sskZnsâ `mcy \_n¡p hne¡s¸«hfpaÃ.” (CÉmapw, CSadpIpwþ67) kz´w sXäpIÄ¡v \ymboIcWw tXSm³ a\pjy³ F¶pw {ian¡mdpv. Hcmsf Z¯p]p{X\mbn kzoIcn¡pt¼mÄ Z¯n\p hnebpv. AbmfpsS `mcysb kz´am¡Wsa¶p hnNmcn¨ t¸mÄ Z¯n\v hnebnsöp ]dbp¶p! kz´w Bhiy¯n\p thn apl½Zv C§s\ ]e \nba§fpw Dm¡nbn«pv.
8. kv{XoIÄ cmw Xcw ]uc·mÀ
‘JpÀB³: Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w’ F¶ {KÙ¯nsâ ]Xns\m¶mw A[ymb¯n CÉmaXw F§s\ kv{XoIsf XcwXmgv¯nsb¶v Rm³ hnhcn¨n«pv. kv{Xo¡pw ]pcpj\pw XpeyØm\w \ÂtI Xn\p ]Icw Ahsc cmw Xc¡mcm¡n F¶mWv Fsâ Bt£]w. AXn\v A_vZpdlnw ]dbp¶ adp]Sn C§s\bmWv: “IpSpw__Ô§fn CÉmw kv{Xotb¡mÄ ]pcpj\v Øm \w \ÂInbn«pv F¶Xv t\cpXs¶. CÉmansâ I®n IpSpw _ \mY³ ]pcpj\mWv. kv{XobÃ.” (CÉmapw CSadpIpwþ t]Pv 77) CXpw CÉmw Hcp {]mIrXaXamsW¶p sXfnbn¡p¶p. kv{Xo ¡pw ]pcpj\pw IpSpw_¯n XpeyØm\amWv Dmbncnt¡ Xv. A_vZpdlnw henb Imcy¯n Ft¶mSv Hcp tNmZyw tNmZn¡p¶p: “CSadpInsâ IpSpw_¯n BÀ¡mWv \mbIØm\w? At± l¯nt\m AtXm...” Cu tNmZy¯n\v Rm³ A`nam\]qÀhw D¯cw ]dbm³ B{K ln¡p¶p. Fsâ ho«n Rm\pw Fsâ kl[À½nWnbpw Xpey cmWv. R§Ä ]ckv]cw Imcy§Ä NÀ¨sNbvXp {]hÀ¯n ¡p¶p. `À¯mhv, IpSpw_¯eh\msW¶p ]dbp¶Xv Hcp ]gb k¦ev]amWv.
9. ASna¯w
“CÉmw aX¯n\pap¼pw Atd_ybn ASna¯w Dmbncp¶p. 167
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
lo\amb B k{¼Zmbs¯ amäm³ apl½Zv {ian¨nsöp am {Xaà AXns\ AwKoIcn¡pIbpw D]tbmKs¸Sp¯pIbpw sN bvXp. apÉo§fpambn \S¶ bp²¯n XShpImcmbn ]nSn¨ kv{XoItfbpw Ip«nIsfbpw apl½Zp Xs¶ ASnaIfm¡nb kw` h§fpapv.” ‘JpÀB³:Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w’ F¶ ]pkvXI¯n ‘JpÀ B\pw ASna¯hpw’ F¶ A²ymb¯n Rms\gpXnbncp¶ XmWv taÂs¡mSp¯ hmIy§Ä. AXn\p A_vZpdlnw \ Ip¶ D¯canXmWv: “kmlNcy¯nsâ ]gpXpIÄ D]tbmKn¨v sXäpIÄ¡v \ym boIcWw Is¯p¶ kz`mhw F¡me¯pw GXp P\hn`m K¯nepapv. apÉo§fpw AXn \ns¶mgnhÃ. ASna¯¯nsâ Imcy¯nepw A¯cw h³ ]m]§Ä AhÀ sNbvXp F¶Xn\v \nch[n DZmlcW§fpv.” (CÉmapw CSadpIpwþ t]Pv 101) CÉmansâ Cu Ipähpw Gäp]dbm³ A_vZpdlnan\p tXm¶n bXv At±l¯nsâ hnimea\kv¡X sImmsW¶v Rm³ IcpXp¶p.
10. {Iqcamb in£m k{¼Zmb§Ä CÉmaXw, aXhntcm[nItfmSpw aXw XyPn¡p¶htcmSpw At§ bäpw {Iqcambn«mWv s]cpamdnbncp¶Xv. tamjvSn¡p¶hcpsS ssIapdn¨p IfbpI, hy`nNcn¡p¶ kv{Xo]pcpj·msc \qdSn hoXw ASn¡pI, AhÀ Ipäw Gäp ]dªm Fdnªp sImÃpI XpS§nb in£m k{¼Zmb§fmWv hn[n¨ncp¶Xv. CtX¸än ‘JpÀB³:Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\’¯nsâ H³]Xmw A[ymb¯n hnhcn¡p¶pv. AXns\bpw A_vZpdlnw \ntj[n¡p¶nÃ. At±l¯nsâ \ymboIcWamIs«, Fsâ A`n{]mbs¯ km[q Icn¡p¶XpamWv: “aX¯n \n¶p ]pd¯p t]mbXnsâ t]cn \S¶Xmbn ]n¡me¯p hymJym\n¡s¸« sImeIfpsS ]n¶n {]hÀ ¯n¨Xv cmjv{Sob Imcy§fmWv. Iq«¯n \n¶p adphit¯ bv¡p Imep amdp¶ hÀKh©Isc sImÃpItbm in£n¡pItbm sN¿pI F¶Xv B[p\nI cmjv{S§fpw, IayqWnkw XpS§nb 168
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
B[p\nI {]Xybimkv{X§fpw ssIs¡mÅp¶ \S]Snbm WtÃm. apl½Zv Hcp cmjv{S¯eh³ IqSnbmbncp¶p F¶ Imcyw HmÀ½nt¡Xpv. Hcp cmjv{S\mbI³ kz´w kaql¯nsâ `{ZXsb A]ISs¸Sp¯p¶ hÀKh©Iscbpw Nmc·mscbpw hIhcp¯p¶Xn\v XoÀ¨bmbpw, cmjv{Sobamb \ymboIcW§ fpv. C¯cw `ojWn apÉo§Ä DbÀ¯nbt¸mÄ AhÀs¡Xn cmbpw CÉmanse H¶mw Jeo^bmb A_qt_¡À bp²w sN¿p Ibpmbn.” (CÉmapw CSadpIpwþt]Pv 105) Hcp cmjv{S¯eh³ F¶ \nebnemWv apl½Zv C¯cw in£mk{¼Zmb§Ä \S¸m¡nbXv F¶v A_vZpdlnw ]dbp ¶Xv icnbmWv. Ggmw iXI¯nse Hcp tKm{XhÀK cmPmhnsâ kwkv¡mc ]mc¼cyhpw AXn \ngen¡p¶p. B \nba§sf ]cnjvIrX temI¯n IqSn \S¸m¡Wsa¶p hmZn¡p¶Xn t\mSmWv R§Ä¡v FXnÀ¸v. ‘icn A¯pw a\pjymhImi§ fpw’ F¶ ]pkvXI¯n Rm³ CtX¸än IqSpX hnhcn¨n «pv. AXnhnsS BhÀ¯n¡p¶nÃ.
11. AÔhnizmk§Ä CÉmw aX¯n \ne\n¡p¶ ]e AÔhnizmk§sfbpw Fsâ ]pkvXI¯n Rm³ FSp¯p ImWn¡p¶p. A_vZp dlnw AXns\bpw \ntj[n¡p¶nÃ. At±l¯nsâ k½Xsamgn tIÄ¡pI: “A[:]X\¯nsâ atäXp aÞe§fnepsa¶Xpt]mse hnizmk]camb AÔXbnepw B[p\nI apÉo§Ä BcpsSbpw ]n¶neÃ. shfn¨¯nsâ hmlIcpw {]NmcIcpsa¶ _lpaXn ¡v AÀlcmbncp¶ apÉowkapZmbw Xncn¨dnbm\mhm¯hn[w Ccp«nsâ ASnaIfmbn Xcw Xmgv¶ncn¡pIbmWv. Hcp Ime¯v AÔhnizmk§Äs¡Xncn ]Shmtf´nb Ic§Ä AÔhn izmk§Ä¡p thn ]Ss]mcpXns¡mncn¡p¶p.” (CÉmapw CS adpIpw þ t]Pv 121, 122) At±lw XpScp¶p: “temI apÉo§fn s]mXpthbpw C³Uy³ apÉo§fn hntijn¨pw þ `mcX¯nsâ {]tXyI ]cnXØnXnbmWnXn\p ImcWw þ \nch[n AÔhnizmk§Ä {]Ncn¨pIgnªncn 169
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
¡p¶p. Cu ZpxJkXy¯nsâ t\scbmWv bpànhmZnIÄ hnc Nqp¶sX¦n eÖm]qÀÆw XeIp\n¡pItb \nÀhmlapÅq. (CÉmapw CSadpIpw þ t]Pv, 122þ123) “CSadpIv Nqn¡mWn¨Xpt]mse B[p\nI apÉo§fn hym]Iambn {]Ncn¨p Ignª A\mNmcamWv J_À]qP” (CÉm apw CSadpIpw þ t]Pv 127)
12. apXv A IeymWw
“\nÝnX Imet¯bv¡pÅ tIm¬{SmIvSv hnhmls¯bmWv aqT (apXv A) IeymWw F¶p ]dbp¶Xv. CÉmw CXv A\phZ\o bambn Iev]n¨Xns\ CSadpIv ]cnlkn¡p¶p. C¶s¯ ]cnX ØnXnbpw aqeyt_m[hpw sh¨p Nn´n¡pt¼mÄ CXv ]cnlmky ambn tXm¶pI kzm`mhnIamWv.” (CÉmapw CSadpIpw þ t]Pv 130)
13. AÀ°iq\yamb \_nhN\§Ä
“arK§Ä kwkmcn¨p, tcmKw ]m]¯nsâ ^eamWv, XpS§nb \_nhN\§fpsS {]mamWnIX tNmZyw sN¿mhp¶hbmWv. Ah A\pbmbnItfmSp kwkmcn¨t¸mÄ Imcyw \¶mbn {Kln ¸n¡p¶Xn\pthn Hcp BNmcy³ D]tbmKn¨ Be¦mcnI {]tbmK§fmWv F¶pw hcmw.”(CÉmapw CSadpIpw þ t]Pvþ131) C§s\ Fsâ ]pkvXI¯nse {][m\ hnaÀi\§sfsb Ãmw Xs¶ ‘CÉmapw CSadpIpw’ F¶ {KÙ¯n kn.Sn. A_vZp dlnw AwKoIcn¡p¶p. CÉmw aX¯nsâ N«¡q«n hfÀ¶Xp sImv B aXt¯mSv kzm`mhnIambpw At±l¯n\v Ipsdtbsd Iqdpv. AÔhnizmk¯n \n¶p hnapàamb Hcp CÉmwaX amWv At±l¯nsâ `mh\bnepÅsX¶p tXm¶p¶p. AÔhn izmk§Ä CÃmXm¡nbm Hcp aXhpw tijn¡pIbnsö bmYmÀ°yw At±l¯n\v `mhnbn a\Ênem¡m³ Ignsª ¶phcmw.
170
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
CSadpIp hnaÀin¨ CÉmw apÉow kapZmb¯n s]« Hcp D]hn`mKamWv Al½Zn¿mIÄ AYhm JmZnbm\nIÄ F¶dnbs¸Sp¶Xv. ]©m_nse JmZn bm³ F¶ Øe¯v 1839þ P\n¨ anÀkmKpemw Al½Zv F¶ bmÄ Øm]n¨XmWv Cu aXw. apl½ZmWv Ahkm\s¯ {]hm NI³ F¶ CÉmwaX hnizmkw anÀkmKpemw Al½Zv AwKo Icn¡p¶nÃ. akolnsâ (ainlm) AhXmcamWp Xms\¶v At±lw {]Jym]n¨p. tbip{InkvXphnsâ IÃd Imivaocneps ¶p {]Jym]n¨Xpw Ct±lamWv. Al½Zn¿m hn`mK¡mÀ apÉo §fmsW¶v AhÀ AhImis¸Sp¶ps¦nepw aäp apÉo§Ä Ahsc B hn[¯n AwKoIcn¡p¶nÃ. ]mInØm\n Cu aXw \ntcm[n¡s¸«ncn¡pIbmWv. kDZn Atd_y³ Kh¬saâ v lÖv XoÀ°mS\¯n\v Chsc A\phZn¡p¶panÃ. tIcf¯n Al½Zn¿m hn`mK¯n s]« Ipsd BfpI fpv. I®qcn \n¶p {]kn²oIcn¡p¶ ‘kXyZqX³’ AhcpsS apJ ]{XamWv. AXn C. XmlnÀ FgpXnbncp¶ teJ\§fpsS kamlmcamWv ‘CSadpIp hnaÀin¨ CÉmw.’ {]kvXpX {KÙ ¯nsâ Bcw`¯n {KÙIÀ¯mhmb XmlnÀ FgpXnbn«pÅ {]kvXmh\bn \n¶v Hcp`mKw IqSn ChnsS D²cn¨psImÅp¶p: “ChnsS {]iv\w krjvSn¨Xv {io CSadpImsW¶p IcpXm³ h¿. CSadpIns\ {]XnIq«n \ndp¯m³ Dt±in¡p¶panÃ. ]t£, H¶pv. ‘Jpdm³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w’ F¶ CSadpInsâ ]pkvXIw H«[nIw t]sc sXän²cn¸n¨Xv Hcp hkvXpXbmWv. A\ntj[yamb B hkvXpX AwKoIcn¡p¶tXmsSm¸w CSadp In\v C§s\sbmcp hnaÀi\ kmlkw \S¯m³ Bbp[§Ä \ÂInbhsc IqSn hnebncpt¯Xpv. CÉmansâ bYmÀ° 171
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
apJw shfns¸Sp¯p¶ bXv\¯n ]cmPbaSª, Hcp ]äw Aià·mcpsS A]mIXIÄ AhnsS apg¨p\n¡p¶Xmbn ImWmw. AhcpsS kw`mh\bmbn e`n¨ Ip´ap\IfmWv CSadp Insâ Icp¯n\p t{]cIambn {]tbmP\s¸«Xv. AXpsImp Xs¶ bYmÀ° CÉmansâ kuµcyhpw CSadpIp hnaÀin¨ CÉmansâ sshcq]yhpw {[ph§fpsS AIe¯n Is¯mw.” (CSadpIp hnaÀin¨ CÉmw þ {]kvXmh\, t]Pv. 6) Al½Zn¿m apÉo§fpw aäp apÉo§fpw X½nepÅ A`n{]mb hyXymkamWv ChnsS apg¨pImWp¶Xv. Fsâ hnaÀi\w G ¡m³ ImcWw, CÉmansâ bYmÀ° apJw shfns¸Sp¯p¶ bXv\¯n ]cmPbaSª CXc apÉow kapZmb§fmsW¶m Wv XmlnÀ ]dbp¶Xv. Rm³ hnaÀin¨Xv bYmÀ° CÉmans\ AsömWv Xmlndnsâ hmZw. AXpsImv At±l¯nsâ ]pkvXI¯n bYmÀ° CÉmw F´msW¶p shfns¸Sp¯n bn«ptm F¶v Rm³ {]tXyIw ]cntim[n¡pIbpmbn. ] t£, HcnS¯pw aäpÅhÀ ]dªXn \n¶p hyXykvXamb Hcp CÉmwaXs¯ At±lw FSp¯p ImWn¡p¶nÃ.
\qdp al¯p¡Ä apl½Zp\_n alm\msW¶pw JpÀB³ t{ijvSamb aX {KÙ amsW¶pw sXfnbn¡phm³ Iptdtbsd BfpIfpsS D²cWnIÄ lmPcm¡pIbmWv H¶mw A[ymb¯n XmlnÀ sNbvX ncn ¡p¶Xv. temI¯nse Hcp {][m\s¸« aX¯nsâbpw, cmjv{S¯n tâbpw Øm]I\mWv apl½Zv. B \nebn henb hnaÀi\ sam¶pw IqSmsX ]ecpw apl½Zns\]än \à hm¡p ]dbpI kzm`mhnIamWv. ]t£, \njv]£ Ncn{XImc·mÀ apl½Zns\ ¸än hfsc tamiambpw ]dªn«ps¶p IqSn HmÀt¡XmWv. XmlnÀ D²cn¨n«pÅ A`n{]mb§fn Xs¶ NneXp ]cn tim[n¨p t\m¡mw. “Atacn¡³ _lncmImi k©mcnbpw Ncn{XImc\pw KWn Ximkv{XÚ\pamb ssa¡Â F¨v lÀ«v ‘Zn t{KäÌv l¬{UUv C³ lnÌdn’ F¶ {KÙ¯n BZansâ Imew sXm«v C¶ph scbpÅ kv{Xo]pcpj·msc ]cntim[n¨p. temINcn{X¯n 172
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
Gähpa[nIw kzm[o\iànbpÅ \qdpt]sc XncsªSp¯p. apl½Zp\_nsb Cu \qdpt]cn The topmost (Gähpw D¶X³) Bbn Is¯n. ssa¡Â kz´w aX¯nse ssZh]p{X\mb tbiphn\p aq¶mw Øm\ta \ÂInbpÅq.” Cu hnhcw XmlnÀ D²cn¡p¶Xv Al½±oZ¯v FgpXnb ‘A JpÀB³’ F¶ ]pkvXI¯n \n¶msW¶v At±lw ^pSvt\m«n sImSp¯n«pv. ssa¡Â F¶ _lncmImik©m cnsb Hcp Ncn{XImc\mbn Rm³ tI«n«nÃ. ]t£, At±lw hnhcapÅ Ncn{XImc\söv ‘BZw apX Ct¶hscbpÅ hsc’ ]cntim[n¨p F¶p ]dbp¶Xn \n¶pXs¶ hyàamWv. ss__nfnepw JpÀB\nepw hnhcn¡p¶ BZw Hcp sI«pIYbn se \mbI\mWv. hnhcapÅ Hcp Ncn{XImc³t]mepw BZs¯ Ncn{X]pcpj\mbn hnhcn¡pIbnÃ. BÀt\mÄUv tSmb³_n, hnÂUpdâ v, F¨v.Pn.shÂkv XpS§nb temINcn{XImc·mcn Hcp¯cpw BZys¯ a\pjy\mbn BZs¯ Nn{XoIcn¨n«nÃ. C§s\ Hcmsf Ncn{X]pcpj\mbn I ssa¡ens\ Ncn{XIm c\mbn ImWm³ \nhr¯nbnÃ. XmlnÀ D²cn¡p¶ asämcp km£yw tXmakv ImÀsseen tâXmWv. AXv C§s\bmWv: “apl½Zv PmehnZy¡mc\mtWm, IÅhmZnbmtWm? Hcn¡ epaÃ. Adnhn\m Pzen¡p¶ B lrZbw Nn´bpsS Aánine Ifn Xnfbv¡p¶ Nqft]msebmWv. B lrZbw F§s\ h© \bptSXmIpw?” CXnsâ d^d³kv XmlnÀ sImSp¯n«nÃ. F¦nepw tXmakv ImÀsseensâ an¡ IrXnIfpw hmbn¨n«pÅ F\n¡v AXnsâ aqew a\Ênem¡m³ {]bmkapmbnÃ. ‘On Heroes and Hero Worship’ (hoc·mscbpw hocmcm[\tbbpw ]än) F¶ ]pkvXI ¯nemWv At±lw apl½Zns\]än ]dªn«pÅXv. 1840 sabv 8þmw XobXn At±lw CÉmw aXt¯bpw apl½Znt\bpw ]än sNbvX Hcp {]kwKw AXn sImSp¯n«pv. At±lw JpÀ Bs\¸än AXn ]dªncn¡p¶XpIqSn XmlnÀ ImtWXm bncp¶p. B `mKw Rm³ ChnsS D²cn¡mw: 173
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
“Fsâ hmb\bn Gähpw _p²nap«v A\p`hs¸«Xv AXp hmbn¨t¸mÄ (JpÀB³ hmbn¨t¸mÄ) BsW¶v Xpd¶p ]d tbnbncn¡p¶p. £oWn¸n¡p¶Xpw {Iahpw apdbpanÃm¯ Xpamb Hcp an{inXw; {]mIrXhpw hyhØbnÃm¯Xpw Ahkm \anÃm¯ BhÀ¯\§fpw hf¨psI«epIfpw \ndªXpamb Hcp AkwkvIrXhkvXp; Gähpw {]IrXamb AhyhØ. Npcp ¡¯n Hcn¡epw ]n´m§m\mhm¯ aSb¯cw !...”(Thomas Carlyle, On Heroes and Hero Worship, London, pp 79-80) ImÀsse JpÀBs\]än C{X am{Xaà ]dªn«pÅXv. CXnt\¡mÄ \ninXambn«mWp At±lw hnaÀi\w XpScp¶Xv. XmlnÀ AXp hmbn¨ncp¶psh¦n Hcn¡epw apl½Zns\ ¸äntbm JpÀBs\]äntbm \ÃXp ]dª Hcmfmbn ImÀsse ens\ ImWpambncp¶nÃ.
hn{Kl[zwk\w sPbnwkv F anIvs\À FgpXnb teJ\¯nsâ ]cn`mj XmlnÀ Xsâ ]pkvXI¯n sImSp¯ncn¡p¶p. AXn \n¶pw Hcp hmNIw D²cn¡s«: “hn{Kl[zwk\¯neqsS GI ssZhmcm[\bn A[njvTn Xamb Hcp aXw At±lw {]Ncn¸n¨p.” (CSadpIp hnaÀin¨ C Émw þ t]Pv 20) Rm³ hn{Kl§sf Bcm[n¡mdnÃ. ]t£, BÀs¡¦nepw hn{Kl§sf Bcm[n¡Wsa¶p tXm¶ps¶¦n AhÀ A§ s\ sN¿s« Ft¶ F\n¡p IcpXm³ Ignbq. GXp ]cnjvIrX a\pjy\pw aäpÅhcpsS hnizmk kzmX{´ys¯ tNmZyw sN¿p IbnÃ. ChnsS apl½Zv ‘hn{Kl[zwk\¯neqsS... aXw Øm ]n¨p’ F¶mWv ]dbp¶Xv. CÉmw aX¯nsâ Ncn{Xw CXp icnshbv¡p¶p. Atd_ybnepw _m_ntemWnepw am{Xaà C³ Uybnepw apÉow B{IaWImcnIÄ \nch[n hn{Kl§Ä XÃn ¯IÀ¯p. CXp icnbmb \S]SnbmtWm? hn{Klmcm[\ sXäm sW¶v Ahsc ]dªp a\Ênem¡m³ {ian¡p¶Xn sXänÃ. ]t£, AhcpsS hn{Kl§Ä XIÀ¯Xv {IqcXbtÃ? 174
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
Ad_n `mj ]Tn¡msX hnaÀin¡m³ km[yaÃs{X! Xmlndnâ asämcp hmZKXnbpw ckIcamWv: At±lw ]dbp¶p: “hnip² JpÀBsâ aqe`mjsb Ad_n ]Tn¨m am{Xta JpÀBs\ B[nImcnIambn hnaÀin¡m³ km[yamhq.” (CSa dpIv hnaÀin¨ CÉmw t]Pv 93) Ad_n `mj Adnbm¯XpsImv F\n¡v JpÀBs\ hnaÀin ¡m³ AhImiansömWtÃm CXn\À°w. asämcp AtbmKyX IqSn XmlnÀ F\n¡p ImWp¶p. Rm³ Hcp tPÀWenÌv BsW ¶pÅXmWv AXv. At±lw ]dbp¶p: "tPÀWenkw t]mepÅ D]cn]vfhamb sshImcnI kao]\¯neqsS hnencp¯mhp¶ IrXnbà JpÀB³. “ARvP\sa´msW¶v F\n¡dnbmw, aªfpt]mse shfp ¯ncn¡pw” F¶À°w hcp¶ Hcp sNmÃpv aebmf¯nÂ. A RvP\tam aªtfm F´msW¶dnbm¯ HcmfÃmsX A§s\ ]dbpIbnÃtÃm. tPÀWenkw F´msW¶v Xmlndn\v Adn bnsöv At±l¯nsâ B {]kvXmh\ sXfnbn¡p¶p. GsX ¦nepw km[mcW ]{X¯nsâ {]mtZinI teJIs\ ap¶n IpsImmhWw At±lw C§s\ h[nsbgpXnbXv. tPÀW enÌpIÄ D]cn¹hambn am{Xw Imcy§sf a\Ênem¡p¶hcm Wpt]mepw! AtX kabw dotUgvkv ssUPÌv F¶ amknIbpsS ]{Xm[n]kanXn {]kn²oIcn¨ ‘sZ tN©vUv HuhÀ thÄUv’ F¶ ]pkvXIs¯ B[nImcnIambn At±lw D²cn¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p! B tPÀWenÌpIÄ apl½Zv alm\msW¶p ]dªn «ps{X (CSadpIp hnaÀin¨ CÉmwþ t]Pv 17). D]cn¹hambn Nn´n¡p¶ B tPÀWenÌpIfpsS A`n{]mbw XmlnÀ ]ns¶ F´n\mWmthm D²cn¨Xv! C¯cw sshcp²yw Ad_n `mj ]Tn¡m¯hÀ JpÀB³ hnaÀi\w \S¯nbm icnbmhpIbnsöp ]dbp¶nS¯papv. Cw¥ojv, aebmfw, lnµn, DÀZp XpS§nb `mjIfn JpÀB³ hnhÀ¯\§Ä kpe`amWv. AXn ]eXpw Rm³ ]cntim[n ¨n«pv. Ahbv¡p X½n AÀ°¯n Imcyamb hyXymkw 175
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
Rm³ InÃ. Al½Zn¿m¡mc\mb k^dpÅm Jmsâ Cw¥ojv JpÀB\pw Fsâ ssI¿nepv. JpÀB\nse IhnXmamlmßyw BkzZn¡pIbmbncp¶nà Fsâ e£yw. AXnsâ Bibw {Kln¨v, AXv a\pjy kapZmb¯nsâ ]ptcmKXn¡p klmbIc amtWm F¶mWv Rm³ t\m¡nbXv. ]cn`mj hmbn¨mepw Imcyw a\knemIpsa¶pÅXn\pÅ sXfnhpw XmlnÀ Xs¶ lmPcm¡p ¶pv. At±lw ]dbp¶p: “{]kn² {^©p ]ÞnX\mb tUmIvSÀ tamdnkv _pJmbn BZyw JpÀB³ ]cn`mj hmbn¨n«mWv CXnse Aam\pjnIX Is¯nbXpw hnJymXn t\Snb At±l¯nsâ ‘ss__nÄ, JpÀB³, imkv{Xw’ F¶ ]pkvXIsagpXnbXpw. AXpt]mseXs¶ ]nIv¯mfnsâ Cw¥ojv XÀÖasb¸änbpw At±lw kvXpXn¡p¶p. Cw¥ojpw lnµnbpw DÀZphpw aebmf hpsam¶pw hmbn¨m a\ÊnemIm¯hcmWv R§sf¶v Xm lnÀ [cns¨¦n AXp IjvSambnt¸mbn.
apl½Znsâ IpSpw_PohnXw apl½Zv ]Xns\m¶p hnhmlw Ign¡pIbpw \mep sh¸m«nIsf ]mÀ¸n¡pIbpw sNbvXncp¶p F¶v At±l¯nsâ PohNcn{X Imc·mcn ]ecpw tcJs¸Sp¯nbn«pv. F¶m sh¸m«nI fpambn hnhmlw sN¿msX apl½Zp\_n ssewKnI_Ôw ]peÀ ¯nbncp¶p F¶ CSadpInsâ Bt£]w ]S¨pm¡nb Zpcmtcm]Ww am{XamWv F¶v XmlnÀ ]dbp¶p. F¶m CÉm anI Ncn{X \nÀ½mW kanXn {]kn²oIcn¨ ‘XmcnJp CÉmw’ F¶ {KÙ¯n ]dªncn¡p¶Xv t\m¡pI: “Xncpta\n hnhmlw Ign¨ ]{´p `mcyamcn I\yI BCuim_o am{Xambncp¶p.... Xncpta\n¡p \mep kcnbm `mcy amÀ (kzX{´IfÃm¯ `mcyamÀ) Dmbncp¶psh¶p ]dbs¸«n cn¡p¶p. amcnb XpÂJn_Xn¿, ssdlm\, kpsseJm, Xncpta\n bpsS `mcyamcpsS Iq«¯n t]À ]dbs¸« Plvinsâ aIÄ ssk\_ F¶n{]ImcamWv AhcpsS t]À ]dbs¸ «n«pÅXv... Xncpta\nbpambn hnhml_Ôw am{Xw DmhpItbm hnhml_ Ô¯nsâ kmlNcyw DmhpItbm sNbvX ]s¯m³]Xp 176
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
alXnIfpsS t]cpIÄ FSp¯p ]dbs¸«n«pv.” (XmcnJp CÉmw XriqÀ, 1970, t]Pv 70þ71) Bbni Fs¶mcp sIm¨p s]¬Ip«nsb apl½Zv IeymWw Ign¨tÃm. B hnhmls¯¸än AhÀXs¶ ]dª Hcp lZokv _pJmcn tcJs¸Sp¯nbn«pv. AXn§s\bmWv:“F\n¡v Bdp hbÊpÅt¸mgmWv Xncpta\n Fs¶ hnhmlw sNbvXXv. ]n¶oSv R§Ä aZo\bntebv¡p h¶p... Ahkm\w B kv{XoIÄ Fs¶ Xncpta\n¡v Gev]n¨psImSp¯p. A¶v F\n¡v H³]Xphbkmbncp¶p {]mbw.” (klolp _pJmcn 1547) F¶m XmlnÀ ]dbp¶Xv Bbnisb hnhmlw sN¿p t¼mÄ AhÀ¡v ]Xnaqt¶m ]Xn¶mtem hbkv {]mbambncp s¶¶mWv. (CSadpIv haÀin¨ CÉmw, t]Pv 37). H³]Xp hb kn Hcp s]¬Ip«nbpambn Zm¼Xy_Ôw Bcw`n¨ hyàntb ¸än Xmlndn\pw hnjaw tXm¶n¡mWpw. AXpsImmWv At± lw hbkp amänbXv. F¶n«pw At±l¯nsâ hnjaw amdp¶nÃ. AXpsImv Hcp \ymboIcWhpw IqSn ]dbp¶p: “Bbnisb \_n hnhmlw sN¿m\pt±in¨Xv ssewKnI kpJ¯n\p thn bmbncp¶nÔ (t]Pv 37) ]t£, CXns\ms¡ F´mWmthm sXfnhv? t\scadn¨v apl½Zv\_nbpsS ssewKnI tijnsb DuXn hoÀ¸n¨v lZokn ]dbp¶pv, “ap¸Xpt]cpsS iàn Xncpta\n¡v AÃmlp \ÂInbn«ps¶v” A\kv ]dªXmbn _pJmcn tcJs¸Sp¯p¶p. (klolpÂ_pJmcn 187) Bbni Xs¶ ssewKnIamb \nch[n Imcy§tf¸än ]n¡me¯p ]d bp¶papv. H³]Xmas¯ hbkn hnhmlnXbpw ]Xns\«ma s¯ hbkn hn[hbpambn¯oÀ¶ Bbnimbv¡v ]p\À hnhm lw \ntj[n¨Xv F{X henb {IqcXbmbnt¸msb¶v a\pjy lrZbapÅhÀ¡v a\ÊnemIpw. \_nbpsS acWt¯mSp IqSn AhcpsS ssewKnI {KÙnIÄ¡v {]hÀ¯\tijn CÃmXmsb ¶pIqSn XmlnÀ ]dbpambncn¡mw. Z¯p]p{Xsâ `mcysb apl½Zv kz´am¡nbXnt\bpw XmlnÀ \ymboIcn¡p¶pv. AXv “hn¹hmßIamb Hcp [ocIrXyambn cp¶p” (t]Pv 38) F¶mWv At±lw ]dbp¶Xv. “\_n, sskZv 177
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
Xsâ kz´w aI\msW¶v {]Jym]n¨p. ]n¶oSv sskZv {]hmNI ]p{X\mbn KWn¡s¸«p” (t]Pv 39) F¶pw XmlnÀ ]dbp¶p. C§s\bpÅ Hcp Z¯p]p{Xsâ `mcysb kz´am¡m³ \ymbw Ip]nSn¨ tKm{X¯eh³ Ggmw \qämnemWv Pohn¨ncp¶ sX¶v \ap¡v kam[m\n¡mw. F¶m AXn ‘hn¹hw’ ImWp ¶bmÄ Ccp]Xmw iXI¯n Pohn¡p¶ HcmfmWtÃm F¶ XmWv AZv`pXw. apl½Znsâ Hmtcm IeymW¯nsâ ]n¶nepw cmjv{Sobhpw X{´]chpamb Imcy§Ä Ds¶p Øm]n¡m³ XmlnÀ hfsc t]PpIÄ hn\ntbmKn¨n«pv. A¯cw Imcy§fpw ImWpIbn söv Rm³ ]dªn«nÃ.
ASna¯hpw apl½Zpw
“CÉmwaX¯n\p ap¼pw Atd_ybn ASnaIfpmbncp¶p. lo\amb B k{¼Zmbs¯ amäm³ apl½Zv {inan¨nsöp am{X aÃ, AXns\ AwKoIcn¡pIbpw sNbvXp. apÉo§fpambn \S¶ bp²¯n XShpImcmbn ]nSn¨ kv{XoIsfbpw Ip«nIsfbpw apl½ZpXs¶ ASnaIfm¡nb kw`h§fpapv ” F¶v ‘JpÀB \pw ASna¯hpw’ F¶ A²ymb¯n Rm³ FgpXnbncp¶tÃm, AXn\v XmlnÀ \ÂIp¶ adp]Sn tI«mepw ! “ASna k{¼Zmbw B Imes¯ DbÀ¶ kapZmb¯nsâ \ne\nÂ]n\v AXy´mt]£nXambncp¶p. PohnX¯nsâ `mK ambn¡gnª ASna¯Øm]\w Hcp Blzm\¯neqsS thc dp¯p Ifbm³ BhpIbnsöv Dd¸pÅXpsImv ASna¯¯n s\Xnsc Xncp\_n DZvt_m[\§Ä \S¯pIbmWpmbXv. càcqjnX hn¹h¯neqsS ASna¨§esb XIÀ¡pbmWv Xncp\_n sNbvXsX¦n temI¯p tNmc¸pgIsfmgpIpambn cp¶p.” (CSadpIp hnaÀin¨ CÉmw. t]Pv. 69) AÃmlp {]tXyIw kzÀK¯n \n¶b¨ {]hmNI³ tNmc ¸pgsb `b¶v ASna¯k{¼Zmbw amdm³ H¶pw sNbvXnÃ! AXpsImv {]hmNIsâ A\´cKmanIÄ ASna¡¨hS¯nsâ I¦mWnamcmbn amdn! 178
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
ape¸mensâ alXzhpw 6 amks¯ KÀ`Imehpw
“amXm¡Ä AhcpsS Ip«nIÄ¡v cpsImÃw ape sImSpt¡ XmWv” F¶v JpÀB\n (2:34) ]dªn«pv. AXp It¸mÄ Xmlndn\v Xsâ aX{KÙs¯ \ymboIcn¡m³ Hcp ssht¡m Xpcp¼pIn«n. ape¸mensâ alXzs¯¸än tUmIvSÀamÀ ]d ªn«pÅ kÀ«n^n¡äpIÄ \nc¯pIbmWp ]ns¶. t__n ^pUpIÄs¡Xncmb Iptd Imcy§fpw At±lw FgpXp¶p. Ip«n IÄ¡v cpsImÃw ape sImSp¡Wsa¶p ]dªn«pÅXÃmsX t__n^pUv sImSp¡cpsX¶v JpÀB\n HcnS¯pw Rm³ InÃ. 20þmw iXI¯n t__n^pUpIÄ DmIpsa¶pw AXp Ign¡cpsX¶pw JpÀB\n ]dªncps¶¦n AsXmcp Imcyambncp¶p. ssZh¯n\pw At±l¯nsâ {]hmNI\pw AXdnbmambncp¶nÃ! “cp hÀjw ap¼phsc apesImSp¡phm³ _m[yØbmb amXmhv asämcp k´m\w AXn\nSbn Dmhp¶ Imcy¯n {i² ]Xn¸n¡Wsa¶mWnXn\À°w” F¶pw XmlnÀ XpSÀ¶p ]dbp¶p. F{X BtemNn¨n«pw Cu kq{Xw F\n¡p a\Ênem bnÃ. asämcp k´m\w cp hÀj¯n\nSbn DmIp¶Xn {i²]Xn¸n¡Wsa¶p (t]Pv. 91) sh¨m A¡me¯n\nSbv¡v AhÀ hopw KÀ`nWnbmhpIbpw {]khn¡pIbpw thWw. A t¸mÄ BZys¯ Ip«nbpsS apeIpSn¡v XSkapmhpIbntÃ? AtXm {]khw Ignª aq¯ Ip«n¡pw Cfb Ip«n¡pw IqSn ape sImSp¡psat¶m? JpÀB\nse asämcp hmIywIqSn ChnsS {it²bamWv: “Ahs\ KÀ`w [cn¨psImncp¶Xpw Ahsâ apeIpSn Ah km\n¨Xpw ap¸Xpamkw sImmWv” (JpÀB³ 46:15) apIfn ]dbp¶Xv cp sImÃamWv apeIpSnImesa¶mWv þ AXmbXv 24 amkw ape IpSn¨p. _m¡n 6 amkapv. AXmWv KÀ`Imesa¶p hcp¶p. a\pjykv{XoIÄ¡p ]¯p amkamWv KÀ`Imew F¶v FÃmhÀ¡pw Adnbmw. AÃmlp Cd ¡nb hnip² {KÙ¯n AXv BdpamkambsX§s\? 179
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
ssZhw kÀhÚ\söv XmlnÀ F\n¡p adp]Sn ]dbm\pÅ sh¼en AÃmlphns\t]mepw XmlnÀ Xcw Xmgv¯p¶pv. Hcp DZmlcWanXmWv. 114 A[ymb §fpÅ JpÀB³ ImeKW\tbm hnjb km[Àaytam t\m¡n bà Ah ASp¡nbn«pÅsX¶v Rm³ ]dªncp¶p. AXn\v XmlnÀ ]dbp¶ adp]Sn C§s\bmWv: “BZyw Ipd¨p hN\§Ä shfns¸«t¸mÄ A¶s¯ P\X bpsS {]XnIcWw Adnbm³ km[n¨p. At¸mgmWv asämcp kq àw shfns¸Sp¶Xv. At¸mÄ AXphscbpÅ kwib§Ä¡v \nhmcWw DmIp¶p.” (CSadpIv hnaÀin¨ CÉmw, t]Pv 112, 113) Cu ]dªXv a\pjy\mb apl½Znsâ Imcy¯n icnbmWv. Hcp Imcyw ]dbpI, BfpIÄ¡v A¡mcy¯nepÅ {]XnIcWw t\m¡n XpSÀ¶p aäp Imcy§Ä ]dbpI þ A§s\bmWv a\p jyÀ sN¿p¶Xv. aäpÅhcpsS a\Ênencp¸v F´msW¶v Adnbm ¯XpsImmWv C§s\ sN¿p¶Xv. a\pjycpsS hnNmc§Ä am{XaÃ, `qXhpw `mhnbpw Adnbmhp¶ kÀhÚ\mWv ssZhsa ¶mWv apÉo§Ä ]dbp¶Xv. A§s\bpÅ AÃmlp, JpÀB³ Cd¡p¶Xn\p ap¼v AXns\´p {]XnIcWw DmIpsa¶v Adn ªnà F¶mWv XmlnÀ ]dbp¶Xv. At¸mÄ At±l¯nsâ ssZhamb AÃmlp kÀÆÚ\söp hcpsa¶ Imcyw ad¶p.
19 F¶ Znhy kwJy C\n JpÀBsâ alXzw ImWn¡m³ XmlnÀ FSp¯p ImWn ¡p¶ asämcp Imcyw CXmWv: “apl½Zp \_n¡v BZyIme¯p e`n¨ ssZhnI shfn]mSp Ifn H¶mWv JpÀB\nse AÂap±knÀ F¶ A²ymb¯nse ap¸Xmas¯ hN\w. AXn§s\bmWv. AXn³taepv 19. Cu hmIy¯neS§nbncn¡p¶ Bibw AZv`pXIcamw hn[w C¶p hyàmambncn¡p¶p. JpÀB\n ImWp¶ A£c§fpw hN\ §fpsaÃmw Xs¶ ]s¯m¼Xpambn _ÔnXamsW¶p Is ¯nbncn¡p¶p. Nne DZmlcW§Ä ChnsS D²cn¡mw. JpÀ B³ Bcw`n¡p¶Xv ‘IcpWm\n[nbpw ]caImcpWnI\pamb 180
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
AÃmlphnsâ \ma¯nÂ’ F¶mWv. Cu hN\¯n 19 A£c §fmWpÅXv. asäm¶v JpÀB³ \ÂIp¶ Gähpw henb ktµ iw ssZhw ‘GI³’ F¶mWv. Cu hN\¯n 19 A£c§ fmWpÅXv. Ad_nbn A_vPZv IW¡\pkcn¨v hmlnXv F¶ ]Z¯n\v Ad_n A¡§fpsS kwJy 19 BWv. Xncp\_n¡v BZyambn AhXcn¨Xv ‘AeJv’ F¶ A[ymb¯nse BZy s¯ A©v hN\§fmWv. Cu hN\¯nepw ]s¯m³]Xp hm¡pIfmWpÅXv. C§s\ JpÀB\nse FÃm hm¡pIfnepw hN\§fnepw ]s¯m³]Xv AS§nbncn¡p¶p F¶p sXfnªn cn¡p¶p. (CSadpIp hnaÀin¨ CÉmwþ t]Pv 115þ116) AÂap±knÀ F¶ 74þmw A²ymb¯n ‘]s¯m³]Xv’ F¶ kwJy h¶p F¶pw AXn³taepv 19 F¶mWv B hmIysa¶pw XmlnÀ ]dbp¶p. JpÀB\nse FÃm hm¡pIfnepw hN\ §fnepw 19 AS§nbncn¡p¶p F¶pamWv At±l¯nsâ hmZw. kµÀ`¯n \n¶v ASÀ¯nsbSp¯mWv At±lw B ‘Znhy kwJy’ D²cn¡p¶Xv. kn.F³. Al½Zv auehnbpsS XÀÖa bn \n¶v 74þmw A[ymb¯nse 27 apX 30 hsc hmIy§Ä ChnsS D²cn¡mw:“\cIsas´¶p \n\¡dnbmtam? (AXnenSp¶ Hcp hkvXphnt\bpw) AXp _m¡n shbv¡pIbnà (H¶nt\bpw) Fcn¡msX hn«p IfbpIbnÃ. sXmen Icn¨v cq]w amän¡fbp¶XmWXv. AXnsâ taÂt\m«¡mcmbn ]s¯m³]Xp t]cpv.” (JpÀB³ 74:27þ30) Would that you knew what the fire of hell is like! It leaves nothing. It spares no one; it burns the skins of men. It is guarded by nineteen (keepers). Cu \cI Imh¡mcpsS kwJybmtWm JpÀBsâ FÃm hm¡pIfnepw hN\§fnepw AS§nbncn¡p¶Xv? Nne hm¡p Ifntem hN\§fntem ]s¯m³]Xv F¶ kwJy t¢in¨m Ip]nSn¡mw. F¶m JpÀB\nse FÃm hm¡pIfnepw 19 A£cw hoXamtWm DÅXv? Asæn Hmtcm hm¡n\papÅ 181
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
A¡§Ä Iq«nbm 19 F¶ kwJy hcp¶ hm¡pIÄ am{Xta AXneptÅm? JpÀB\n 114 A[ymb§fpv. Bdp 19 IqSp¶XmWv 114 F¶v thWsa¦n Xmlndn\p hmZn¡mw. JpÀB\nse A{Xbpw A²ymb§sf 30 ‘PqkvAv’ (`mK§Ä) Bbn Xncn¨ncn¡p¶p. At¸mgpw ]dbmw, ]s¯m³]Xnt\mSv ]Xns\m¶p Iq«nbm ap¸XmIpsa¶v. Ggv BImi§sf¸än JpÀ B\n ]ebnS¯pw ]dªn«pv. AXn\v 19 F¶ kwJybpambn _Ôansöp tXm ¶p¶ptm? hnjant¡, cv Ggp IqSnbm 14 BIpw. AXn t\mSv A©p Iq«nbm (7 + 7 + 5 = 19) ]s¯m³]XmIpatÃm. _ZÀ bp²¯n 313 apÉo§Ä ]s¦Sp¯p. AXpw 19þXpambn F´p _Ôsat¶m? 19 x 16 = 304, AXnt\mSv 9 Iq«nbm 313 BIpw. Xmlndnsâ ]pkvXI¯n\v 175 t]Ppv. AXpw 19 F¶ kwJybpambn _Ôs¸«XmsW¶p ]dbmw. 175þs\ 19 sImp lcn¨m 9.21 F¶p In«pw. _ÔambntÃ? GXp kwJybpambpw C¯cw _Ôw BÀ¡pw Is¯mw. \cI¯n\v AÃmlp 19 Imh¡msc GÀs¸Sp¯n F¶p ]d bp¶Xnsâ ImcWw F´msW¶pw Nn´n¡mw. temI¯nsâ ]e `mK¯pw ]e Znhy kwJyIÄ Dmbncp¶p. C³Uybn ]Xns\«v F¶ kwJybv¡v hfsc {]m[m\yapv. tIcf¯nse ]e t£{X§fnepw ]Xns\«v ]SnIÄ Dv. F´mWv Cu ]Xns\«nsâ {]m[m\yw? aq¶v, Ggv, F«v, ]{´v, ]Xn\mev, ]Xn\mdv, Ccp]s¯«v, \mev]Xv F¶n§s\ ]e kwJyIfpw ‘Znhy’ambn ]pcmX\Ime¯v IcpXnbncp¶p. {Inkv Xphn\v ]{´v injy·mcpmbncp¶psh¶pw C{ktben ]{´v tKm{X§fpmbncp¶p F¶pw ss__nfnepv . hÀjs¯ ]{´p amk§fmbpw ]Iens\ ]{´v aWn¡qdm bpw thÀXncn¨Xpw ]gbImes¯ BfpIÄ ]{´v F¶ kwJybv¡v ZnhyXzw IÂ]n¨ncp¶XpsImmWv. Ggv, aq¶v XpS§nb aäp kwJyIÄ¡v C¯c¯n {]m[m\yw Iev]n¨ncp ¶p. ]Xns\«pw CXpt]mse ‘Znhy’sa¶v KWn¡s¸«ncp¶ Hcp kwJybmWv. alm`mcXs¯ ]Xns\«v ]ÀƧfmbn«mWv BZyw 182
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
Xncn¨ncp¶Xt{X. `KhZvKoXbn 18 A²ymb§fmWpÅXv. ]Xns\«v ]pcmW§Ä, ]Xns\«v D]]pcmW§Ä, ]Xns\«p Zzo]pIÄ, ]Xns\«v D]Nmc§Ä, ]Xns\«v hmZy§Ä, ]Xns\«v Bbp[§Ä, ]Xns\«v AShpIÄ, ]Xns\«v Ac (cmPIob) IhnIÄ F¶n§s\ ]eXpw ImWm³ Ignbpw. CsXms¡ ]pcm X\ Imes¯ a\pjyÀ ]Xns\«v F¶ kwJybv¡v \ÂInbncp¶ {]m[m\ys¯bmWv ImWn¡p¶Xv. ]t£, F´psImmWv AhÀ B kwJybv¡v {]m[m\yw \ÂInbncp¶sX¶v hyàaÃ. C³Uybnse sslµhcpsS ]pcmW§fnepw aX{KÙ§fn epw ]Xns\«v Znhy kwJybmbn ImWp¶XpsImv AhÀ am{X ta Cu kwJybv¡v {]m[m\yw \ÂInbncp¶pÅq F¶p IcpXp ¶Xv icnbÃ. bqZ·mcpsSbnSbn ]Xns\«p {]mÀ°\IÄ (She moneesre) \nehnepv. ]pcmX\ _m_ntemWnbm¡mÀ¡pw ]Xns\«v {][m\ambncp¶p. C³Uybn lnµpaXw DZv`hn¡p¶Xn\p ap¼pmbncp¶ {]mIrX aX§fnepw _p²aX¯nepw ‘]Xns\«v’ F¶ kwJy¡v {]m[m\yapmbncp¶p. Sn_äntebpw eUm¡ntebpw _p²aX sFXnly§fn ]Xns\«v Znhy ]pcpj³amsc¸än ]dbp¶p. ‘¥nwKvtNmkv ’ F¶ ]n¡me ]ÞnX·mÀ t]cn«, eUm¡nse {]mIrX aX k¦ev]§fn Chsc¸änbpÅ hniZamb hÀW \IÄ Dv. Cu ]Xns\«p t]cn \n¶mWv a\pjyhÀKw DZv`hn ¨sX¶v AhÀ hnizkn¡p¶p. ]n¶oSv _p²aX¡mÀ Cu IY AhcpsS sFXnly§fn ]IÀ¯n. _p²aX¯n Xs¶ Bcw`Ime¯v ]Xns\«v Nn´m k{¼Zmb§Ä Dmbncp¶p. BNmcyhmZnIÄ, ØhocÀ, temtIm¯chmZnIÄ GIhyh lmcnIÄ F¶n§s\ hnhn[ t]cpIfn Adnbs¸«ncp¶hcm WnhÀ. Cu ]Xns\«n\p ]Icw apl½Zv 19 t]sc \cI Imh¡mcm ¡nbXmsW¶phcmw. aäp aX¡mcn \n¶v Fs´¦nepw hyXym kw CÉmw aX¯n\p thWsa¶ Imcy¯n At±l¯n\p \nÀ_Ôapmbncp¶p. {InkvXym\nIÄ RmbdmgvNbpw bqZ ·mÀ i\nbmgvNbpw hnip² Znhk§fmbn IcpXp¶p. AXn Hcp Znhkw {][m\ Zn\am¡p¶Xn\p ]Icw apl½Zv shÅn 183
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
bmgvN {][m\ Znhkam¡n. CXpt]mse 18þ\p {]m[m\yapÅ Hcp Ime¯v Aev]wIqSn Iq«n 19 t]À \cI¯n\p Imh¡mcm bn Ds¶v At±lw FgpXnbXmImw. Asæn shdptX Hcp kwJy ]dªXmsW¶pw hcmw. GXmbmepw 19 F¶ kwJy sImpÅ Ifn Aev]w IS¶pt]mbn F¶p ]dbmsX XcanÃ. asämcp Ip]nSn¯w! AZv`pXIcamb Hcp Ncn{X hkvXpX XmlnÀ shfns¸Sp¯nbncn ¡p¶p:“8þ-mw \qämn Pohn¨ncp¶ apl½Zv apkAÂhmcnkvan JpÀ B\n \n¶p {]tNmZ\w DÄs¡mv FgpXnb ‘kqd¯p AÀ kv’(`qanbpsS BIrXn F¶ ]pkvXI¯nse emän³ ]cn`mj ]Tn¨n«mWv tIm¸À\n¡kv At±l¯nsâ hn{ipXaXamb {KÙw FgpXnbn«pÅXv.” (CSadpIp hnaÀin¨ CÉmw, t]Pv 124) CXp icnbmsW¦n Hcp henb Ip]nSn¯amWv. AXn\v XmlnÀ hnes¸«Xpw B[nImcnIhpamb Hcp d^d³kpw Nqn ¡mWn¨ncn¡p¶p. AsX¶XmW¶tÃ? 21þ1þ83þse N{µnI Zn\]{Xw! sXfnhv F§s\bncn¡p¶p? JpÀB\n \n¶pw {]tNmZ\w DÄs¡mv apl½Zp aqkm AÂhmcnkvan `qan DcpXmsW¶v FgpXnsh¨ncp¶phs{X! JpÀB\n ‘`qansb \mw hncn¸m¡n’, ‘`qXes¯ ]c¯n’ F¶n§s\sbms¡bmWv hnhcn¡p¶Xv. JpÀB³ Hcp haÀi\]T\¯nsâ Ggmw A²y¯n ‘]c¶ `qan’ F¶ k_v slUnwKn\p XmsgbpÅ `mKw t\m¡pI. AXp t]mse `qan ]c¶XmsW¶p hyàambn ]dbp¶ ]e `mK§fpw JpÀB\n thsd ImWmw. Ahsb ]cntim[n¨ tamdnkv _p Jmbv ]dbp¶Xv C§s\bmWv: “BZyw JpÀB³ A`napJoIcn¨ P\Xbv¡p AhcpsS `qanim kv{X]camb {]tXyIXIfm s]s«¶p a\ÊnemImhp¶ efn Xamb Bib§Ä DÄs¡mÅp¶p þ a¡m aZo\m hmZnIÄ¡pw Atd_y³ D]Zzo]nse _ZnhIÄ¡pw.” (ss__nÄ, JpÀB³, imkv{Xw, tImgnt¡mSv, 1982, t]Pv 164þ165) Ad_nIÄ¡v `qansb¸änbpmbncp¶ k¦ev]w apl½Zv 184
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
JpÀB\n FgpXn sh¨p F¶p Npcp¡w. imkv{Xw CXphsc Ip]nSn¨sXÃmw JpÀB\n DÅXmsW¶pw, AXp t\m¡n bmWv ]mÝmXyimkv{XÚ·mÀ Ip]nSn¯§Ä \S¯nb sX¶pw ]dªm hnhcanÃm¯ hÃhcpw hnizkns¨¶p hcmw. {]hmNI\mb apl½Znt\m, At±l¯n\v Znhy shfn]mSpIÄ \ÂInb AÃmlphnt\m Atd_y³ D]`qJÞ¯n\Snbn Dmbncp¶ s]t{Smfnb¯nsâ Imcyw AdnbmsX t]mbXv F´psImmWmthm? Atacn¡, Bkvt{Senb, AâmÀ«n¡ XpS§nb `qJÞ§tf¸än t]mepw AÃmlphn\v hnhcanÃmsX t]mbn. {]hmNI³ apJm´ncw Ahsbms¡ t\cs¯ shfns¸ Sp¯nbncps¶¦n AsX{Xtbm {]tbmP\IcamIpambncp¶p. ‘ssZh¯nsâ {]hmNI³’ hmfpw A¼pw hnÃpsams¡sImm Wv bp²w sNbvXXv. AÃmlp Ft´ shSnacp¶v, tXm¡v, hnam\w, Sm¦pIÄ, t_mw_pIÄ XpS§nbhbpsS hnhcw apl½Zn\v shfn s¸Sp¯ns¡mSp¡mXncp¶Xv? aäp cmPy¡mÀ CsXms¡ Ip ]nSn¨Xv JpÀB³ t\m¡nbmsW¶v XmlnÀ thWsa¦n ]d tª¡pw. N{µnIbntem eoKv ssSwkntem Hcp hmÀ¯ sImSp ¯m AXp d^d³kmbpw D]tbmKn¡mw.
]m\ob¯n Cu¨hoWmÂ? Ggmw iXI¯n Atd_ybnse aWemcWy¯n Pohn¨n cp¶ apl½Zn\v C¶s¯ Imehpambn X«n¨p t\m¡nbm ]e AdnhptISpIfpapmbncp¶p. AXn\v At±ls¯ Ipäw ]dbp ¶Xv icnbÃ. F¶m kÀÆià\mb ssZhw Cd¡ns¡mSp¯ hnhc§fmWv At±lw ]dªsXÃmsa¶p hmZn¨m B ssZh ¯nsâ AdnhptISnepw \ap¡v klXm]w tXm¶pw. At±lw ]dª Hcp D]tZiw _pJmcnbpsS lZoknepv: “\n§fn hÃhcptSbpw ]m\ob¯n Cu¨ hoWpt]mbm B Cu¨sb apgph³ AXn ap¡nbn«v ]pdt¯¡v FSp¯pIfbs«. Cu¨bp sS Hcp NndIn tcmKhpw atä NndIn tcmKia\hpamWpÅXv.” (klolp _pJmcn. 1358) CXpw CXpt]mepÅ lZokv hmIy§fpw D²cn¨psImv tamdnkv _pJmbv ]dbp¶Xv “imkv{Xobambn AkzoImcy§fmb 185
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
Nne lZokpIÄ Ds¶ \nKa\¯n F¯nt¨cm³ Ignbpw” F¶mWv. (ss__nÄ, JpÀB³, imkv{Xw t]Pv 247. ]t£, Xm lnÀ AXp k½Xn¡pIbnÃ. At±lw ]dbp¶p. “PohnIfn {]Xnhnjw (Antidote) Ds¶ Imcyw C¶p sXfnªXmWv. Cu¨bpsS NndInepw A¯cw kwhn[m\w Csöp ]dbWsa ¦n ]co£Wimebn \nco£Ww \S¯n thWw Xocpam\n ¡m³. A§s\ sN¿m¯nSt¯mfw Imew Hcp Imcyhpw Aim kv{XobamsW¶p ]dªpIqSm.” (CSadpIp hnaÀin¨ CÉmw, t]Pv 143) Cu¨sb¸än hniZamb ]T\§Ä \S¶n«ps¶pw AXnsâ NndIpIfpw B ]T\¯n s]Spsa¶pw XmlnÀ a\Ênem¡m ¯Xv IjvSamWv. GsX¦nepw Pohimkv{XhnÚm\tImiw FSp ¯p t\m¡nbncps¶¦n AXv a\Ênem¡mambncp¶p. aeaq {XmZnIfnepw Noª hkvXp¡fnepw Ccp¶n«v AXnse tcmKmWp ¡fpw hln¨psImphcp¶ Cu¨ Nmbbn hoWm AXn {]Xnhnjw Ds¶ hnizmkt¯msS Cu¨sb apgph\mbn ap¡nbn«pXs¶ XmlnÀamÀ Nmb IpSn¡s«!
186
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
“CSadpIn\v 11001 I C\mw” ]s¯m³]Xmw iXI¯nsâ Ahkm\¯n ]©m_n Pohn ¨ncp¶ anÀkmKpemw Al½Zv Øm]n¨ ‘Al½Zn¿m’ {]Øm\ ¯nsâ tIcf¯nse Hcp hàmhmb C. XmlnÀ FgpXnb ]pkvXI¯n\p ]pdta B aX¡mcptSXmbn asämcp ]pkvXIw IqSn F\ns¡Xncmbn Cd¡nbn«pv . ‘JpÀBsâ alnaþ CSadpIn\v 11001 I. C\mw’ F¶mWv ]pkvXI¯nsâ t]cv. tIcf AÒZn¿m apÉow tÌäv I½än {]kn²oIcn¨ B eLp {KÙ ¯nsâ IÀ¯mhv F³. A_vZpÀdlnw BWv. tIcf¯n Al ½Zn¿mIÄ hfsc Npcp¡amWv. aäp apÉo§Ä Chsc apÉo§ fmbn AwKoIcn¡pItbm Iq«¯n tNÀ¡pItbm sN¿pIbnÃ. At¸mÄ bpànhmZnIsf hnaÀins¨¦nepw Aev]w ]»nknän Dm¡mw F¶v AhÀ IcpXnsb¦n Rm³ Ahsc Ipäs¸Sp ¯p¶nÃ. Ncn{Xs¯ hfs¨mSn¡m\pw kzbw ssZhw Nabm\pw kaÀ°\m AhcpsS aXØm]I\mb anÀkm Kpemw Al½Zv. Pohn¨ncp¶n«nÃm¯ {InkvXp F¶ IYm]m{Xw Ipcnin \n¶p c£s]«p Imivaocn h¶p F¶pw s]®psI«n a¡fpw a¡fpsS a¡fpambn 120 hbkphsc AhnsS Pohn¨ncp¶psh¶pw IÅ¡ YsbgpXnb hoc\mWv At±lsa¶pwIqSn HmÀt¡XmWv. {In kvXym\nIfpsS hcm\ncn¡p¶ aninlmbpw lnµp¡fpsS hnjv Wphpw apÉo§fpsS akolpamsW¶v At±lw AhImis¸«p. ]s¯m³]Xmw iXI¯nse Hcp ‘kmbn_m_’ Bbncp¶p At±lsa¶p ]dbmw. Ct±l¯nsâ acW¯n\ptijw Al½ Znb hn`mKw cmbn ]ncnªp. AXn Hcp {Kq¸nsâ tIcfm tÌäp I½än F\n¡v 11001 I C\mw {]Jym]n¨ncn¡pIbmWv ! F´ns\t¶m? ‘JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w’ F¶ ]pkvX I¯n Rm³ C§s\ FgpXn: 187
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
“A_q_¡dnsâ Ime¯p t{ImUoIcn¨ Dkvamsâ `cW kab¯v ]IÀs¸Sp¯Xpamb JpÀB\n apl½Zp ]dªp apgph³ DÄs¡mÅn¨n«ptm? At±lw ]dbm¯Xp hÃXpw Bsc¦nepw FgpXnt¨À¯n«ptm? C¡mcy§fn hniZamb ]T\w \S¶n«nÃ. jnbmIÄ, kp¶nIÄ, apPmlnZpIÄ, Al½Zn bmIÄ F¶n§s\ Adnbs¸Sp¶ apÉow hn`mK§fpsS ssIh i¯nepÅ JpÀB\pIfn AhchÀ¡mhiyambXp ]eXpw Iq«nt¨À¯n«pÅXmbn ImWp¶p.” CXv A_vZpÀ dlnans\ hÃmsX sNmSn¸n¨ncn¡p¶p. At± lw ]dbp¶p: “tPmk^v CSadpIv Hcp X\n Akw_ÔamWv taep²cn¨ hmNI§fn FgpXn¯Ånbncn¡p¶sX¶p ]dbm³ Rm³ aSn ¡p¶nÃ. \ncp¯chmZ]chpw IpÕnXhpw eÖmhlhpw lo\ hpw A]lmkyhpw IpäIchpw hnUvVn¯]chpw A[nt£]mÀ lhpamb Hcp Btcm]WamWnXv.....AÒZnIÄ JpÀB\nse GsX¦nepw Hcp Bb¯nse GsX¦nepw Hcp ]Z¯nse, GsX ¦nepw A£c¯nse AImcw CImcam¡o«pst¶m AÀ° hyXymkapm¡pwhn[w IcpXnIq«n Hcp ]pÅn Iq«nt¨À¡pI tbm Hcp hÅn FSp¯pIfbpItbm sNbvXn«pst¶m sXfnbn ¨p Im«nbm aXnbmIpw.” A§s\ sNbvXm F\n¡v 11001 I Xcmsa¶mWv Al½Zn ¿m¡Ä ]dbp¶Xv. AXp ]dbp¶ ]pkvXI¯nsâ 13þmw t]Pn A_vZpÀ dlnw Xs¶ C§s\ FgpXp¶p. “Al½ZnIfpw Al½ZnIfÃm¯hcpamb apÉo§Ä X½n epÅ {]Xy£amb A`n{]mb hyXymkw {]hmNIXz kam]vXn kw_Ôn¨XmWv. thWsa¦n ‘AImchpw’ ‘CImchpw’ kw_ Ôn¨ hyXymkamsW¶p ]dbmw. Fs´¶m JpÀB\n ‘Jm ¯ap¶_n¿o³’ F¶p h¶ncn¡p¶p. {]hmNIt{ijvS³ F¶m WnXn¶À°w. CXn\v ‘Jm¯nap¶_n¿n³’ F¶ asämcp ]mT t`Zhpapv.” Jm¯ap¶_n¿n³ F¶pw Jm¯nap¶_n¿n³ F¶pw cp ]mTt`Z§Ä JpÀB\neps¶v A_vZpÀ dlow Xs¶ k½Xn ¡p¶p. CXn Al½ZnbmIfpsS ]mTt`ZamWv icnsb¶v 188
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
At±lhpw, atä ]mTt`ZamWv icnsb¶v CXc apÉo§fpw hmZn ¡p¶p. CXn GXmWv icnsb¶v F§s\ sXfnbn¡m³ Ign bpw? Dkvamsâ Imes¯ ssIsbgp¯p {]XnbmWv Xmjv¡ ´nepÅsX¶pÅXn\v Nne ]mc¼cy§fÃmsX A\ntj[yamb sXfnhpIsfm¶panÃ. kzÀK¯n \n¶v Cd¡nbsX¶p IcpXp¶ Cu {KÙ¯n apl½Znsâ Ime¯pXs¶ hyXymkw hcp¯nbn«ps¶pÅ Xn\v _pJmcn km£yw hln¡p¶p. “A\kv (d)  \n¶p \nthZ\w. Hcn¡Â _\qkenw tKm{X ¡mcmb Fgp]Xpt]sc Xncpta\n (k) _\pBanÀ tKm{X¡m cpsS ASp¡tebv¡v Ab¨p... Cu Ahkc¯n Pn_vco (A) Xncpta\n (k)sb kao]n¨v, AhscÃmw X§fpsS \mYs\ Ipap«nsb¶pw AhcpsS \mY³ Ahsc¸än AhÀ Ahs\¸ änbpw Xr]vXns¸«ncn¡p¶p F¶pw Adnbn¨p. A¶v R§Ä JpÀB\n C§s\ HmXmdpmbncp¶p. “R§Ä R§fpsS \mYs\ Ipap«n¡gnªp; F¶n«v Ah³ R§sf¡pdn¨pw R§Ä Ahs\¡pdn¨pw kwXr]vXcmbncn¡p¶p.” ]n¶oSv Cu hmIyw ZpÀ_es¸Sp¯n. AXn\ptijw Xncpta\n ‘dnAvev’, ‘ZIv hm³’, ‘_\qenlvbm³’, ‘_\qDk¿m’ þ AÅmlphnt\mSpw Ah sâ ZqXt\mSpw [n¡mcw ImWn¨hcmWhÀ þ F¶o tKm{X§Ä s¡Xncn 40 Znhkw kp_lv \akvImc¯n {]mÀ°\ (Jp \q¯v \S¯ns¡mncp¶p.” (klolp _pJmcn: 1174) ‘Pn_vco hgn AÃmlp Cd¡ns¡mSp¯’ Hcp JpÀB³ hmNIw apl½Zv ZpÀ_es¸Sp¯n F¶mWv A\kv ]dbp¶Xv. C¶s¯ JpÀB\n CÃm¯Xpw BZys¯ JpÀB\n Dm bncp¶Xpamb Hcp Imcys¯¸än DaÀ C§s\ ]dbp¶p: “AÃmlp apl½Zv (k) sb Hcp kXyhpw sImb¨p; AhnS t¯bv¡p AÃmlp JpÀB³ Ab¨p sImSp¯p. hy`nNmcnsb IsÃdnªp sImÃWsa¶v, AhnSt¯¡v AÃmlp Ab¨p sImSp ¯ JpÀB\n Dmbncp¶p.” (klolp _pJmcn: 2169) Ct¸mgs¯ JpÀB\n hy`nNmcnsb IsÃdnªp sImÃW sa¶p ]dbp¶nÃ. ‘ssZh¯nsâ B Iev]\’ JpÀB\n \n¶v 189
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
F§s\ \jvSs¸«p F¶v Al½Zn¿mIÄ¡v ]dbmtam? ‘CÉmapw CSadpIpw’ F¶ {KÙ¯n kn.Sn. A_vZpÀ dlnw ]dbp¶ Hcp hmNIw IqSn ChnsS D²cn¡s«. “Aen¡v A\pIqeambncp¶ JÞnIItfm A²ymb§sfm Dkvam³ hn«pIfªXmbn ]n¡me inbm¡Ä XoÀ¨bmbpw Hcp Btcm]Ww D¶bn¨n«pv.” (t]Pv 36) kp¶nIÄ JpÀB\n amäw hcp¯nbXmbn inbm¡Ä Btcm]n¡p¶ps¶pÅXmWtÃm CXn\À°w. tIcf`mjm C³Ìnäyq«n \n¶pw 1983þ ‘CÉmanI ZÀi\w" Fs¶mcp _rlZv {KÙw Cd¡nbn«pv. s{]m^kÀ k¿nZv samln Zn³jm, s{]m^. hn. apl½Zv, Sn.]n. Ip«nbmap F¶o apÉow ]ÞnX·mÀ tNÀ¶v FgpXn {]kn²oIcn¨ B {KÙ ¯n ‘JndmA¯p’ (]mTm´c§Ä)Itf¸än ]dbp¶ Hcp `mKw t\m¡pI: aäp `mjIfnse¶t]mse Ad_n `mjbnepw ]eXcw ssien Ifpw D¨mcW hyXymk§fpw Dmbncp¶p....... sNdp¸¯n ioen¨ D¨mcW coXn amäm³ {]bmkambXpsImv JpÀ B\nse Nne ]Z§Ä ]eÀ¡pw hyXykvXambn D¨cnt¡ Xmbn h¶p. CXn\p A\phmZhpw \ÂIs¸«ncp¶p. \_n (k) C§s\ ]dbpIbpmbn«pv. “F\n¡v Pn_vcn Hcp lÀ^n HmXnt¡Ä¸n¨t¸mÄ Rm³ hopw HmXm\mhiys¸«p. A§ s\ Rm³ hopw hopw Bhiys¸SpIbpw Ggp lÀ^pIÄ XnIbp¶Xphsc Pn_vcn BhÀ¯n¨v HmXn¯cnIbpw sNbvXp (_pJmcnþ apÉow) “\_n (k)bpsS ImeL«¯n Xs¶ Cu ]mTm´c§Ä sXän²cn¡s¸SpIbpmbn«pv.” (CÉmanI ZÀi\w t]Pv 283þ284). {]kvXpX {KÙ¯nsâ asämcp `mK¯v JpÀBsâ Hu tZymKnI {]XnIÄ Xbmdm¡nbXnt\¸än ]dbp¶Xv C§s\ bmWv: “lÀ^v hyXymk¯nsâ bmYmÀ°yw {Kln¡m¯XpsImv \_n (k) bpsS Ime¯pXs¶ klm_nIÄ¡nSbn {]iv\§ fpmbXmbn DamÀþlnimw kw`h¯n \n¶p a\Ênem¡mw. ]t£, Imcyw hyàam¡s¸«tXmsS AsXÃmw ]cnlcn¡s¸«p. 190
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
F¶m Dkvam³ (d) Jeo^bmbXn\ptijw At±l¯nsâ A\phmZt¯msS ]e klm_namcpw (A\pbmbnIÄ) aZo\hn«p hnhn[ \mSpIfntebv¡p t]mhpIbpw \m«pImÀ Ahcn \n¶v JpÀB³ tI«p ]Tn¡m\nSbmhpIbpw sNbvXp. C§s\ t]mbh cn hyXykvX lÀ^pIfn JpÀ B³ ]mcmbWw sN¿p¶hÀ Dmbncp¶XpsImv Chcn \n¶pw JpÀB³ ]Tn¨ Ad_n IÄ hyXykvX lÀ^pIfnemWv ]Tn¨Xv. C§s\ ]e hn[¯n HmXm³ ]Tn¨hÀ ]ckv]cw sXäp ]nSn¡m\pw Ipäs¸Sp¯m\pw XpS§n. (t]Pv. 285þ286) Cu kmlNcy¯n l^vkbpsS ssIbnepmbncp¶ ssI sbgp¯p{]Xn hcp¯n ‘Jpssdin’ ssienbn Dkvam³ FgpXn¨ XmWv BZys¯ JpÀB³ ]IÀ¸pIÄ. CXn \n¶v Hmtcm¶p \mSnsâ \m\m `mKt¯bv¡pw At±lw sImSp¯b¨p. l^vk bpsS tIm¸n AhÀ¡pw sImSp¯p. “AXÃm¯ aäv GSpIsfÃmw I¯n¨pIfbpIbpw sNbvXp” F¶v AhÀ ]dbp¶p. ]mTt`Z§ fpÅsXÃmw I¯n¨pIfªp F¶p kmcw. BZys¯ JpÀB³ Jpssdin ssienbn amänsbgpXnbt¸mÄ Xs¶ ]eXpw \jvS s¸«ncn¡mw. l^vkbpsS ssIbnepmbncp¶ ssIsbgp¯p {]Xn¡v þ AXmbncp¶tÃm aqewþ F´p kw`hn¨p? AXp kwc £n¡m³ AÃmlp H¶pw sNbvXnÃtÃm? Dkvam³ ]IÀ¯nsb gpXn¨Xn Hcp tIm¸nbmWv Xmjv¡ân DÅsX¶p ]dbp¶p. HdnPn\ FhnsS? AXp ImWmsX amäw hcp¯nbn«nsöp ]dbm³ sXfnsh´v? F³. A_vZpÀ dlnapw Al½Zn¿mImcpw C{Xbpw Imcy§Ä a\Ênem¡nbn«ps¦n AhÀ A´kmbn 11001 cq]m F\n¡v Ab¨p XtcXmWv. AXhÀ sN¿pIbnsöv F\n¡dnbmw. Cu ]pkvXIsagpXnb A_vZpÀ dlnw ]p amXr`qanbn Fgp Xn, tbip{InkvXphs\¸än ]nemt¯mkv tdma³ Kh¬saân\ b¨ Hcp I¯v h¯n¡m³ sse{_dnbneps¶v. Rm³ DSs\ h¯n¡m³ sse{_dns¡gpXn tNmZn¨p, AhnsS H¶mw iXI ¯nse A¯cw Hcp I¯v Dtmsb¶v. Ggmw iXI¯ntem asäm Bscm Ir{Xnaambn Dm¡nb Hcp ]pkvXI¯n A§ s\ H¶p ImWp¶ps¶pw AXv hnizk\obasöpw AhÀ 191
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
DSs\ F\n¡v adp]Sn Abbv¡pIbpw sNbvXp. tdma³ It¯m en¡À Dt]£n¨Xpw Ahnizk\obsa¶p Xocpam\n¨Xpamb Ir{XnatcJ s]m¡n¸nSn¨psImv tbip{InkvXphnsâ AkvXn Xzw Øm]n¡m³ {ian¨ Cu hnZzm³ 11001 AÃ, 100 cq] Xcmsa¶p ]dªmepw AXp sN¿pIbnsöv F\n¡dnbmw.
192
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
JpÀ B³ hnaÀiIÀ¡p adp]Sn Xriqcnse [ojWm {KÙthZn {]kn²oIcn¨ Hcp {KÙamWv ‘JpÀ B³ hnaÀiIÀ¡p adp]Sn.’ Sn.hn. apl½Zen FUnäp sNbvX Cu {KÙ¯n hn.F. JmZnÀIp«n, s{]m^kÀ bp. Pam Al½Zv, Sn. apl½Zv, F³.Fw. lpssk³, sI.F. kn±nJv lk³, F.FÊmÀ F¶n§s\ Ac Uk³ t]cpsS teJ\§fpv. A Xn BZys¯ aqs¶®w am{Xta Fsâ ]pkvXIs¯ ]cmaÀ in¡p¶pÅq. ‘CSadpInsâ hnaÀi\§Ä¡p adp]Sn’ F¶ BZys¯ te J\w 56 t]PpÅXmWv. hn.F. JmZnÀIp«nbmWv IÀ¯mhv. Ct± lw sXdn]dbp¶Xnepw No¯hnfn¡p¶Xnepw B\µw Is ¯p¶ HcmfmWv. Fsâ hmZ§Ä¡v adp]Sn ]dbm³ {ian¡p¶ Xn\p ]Icw Fs¶ `ÀÕn¡m\mWv At±lw {ian¨n«pÅXv. AXv Rm³ hnkvacn¡p¶p. aäp ]e hnaÀiI·msct]mse Ct± lhpw F\n¡v Ad_n`mj Adnbnsöp ]dªp XSnX¸m³ {ian¡p¶pv. B[nImcnI§fmb ]e ]cn`mjIfpw Rm³ H¯p t\m¡nbncp¶p. \ne sXäpt¼mÄ GsX¦nepw hnhÀ¯ Isâtbm hymJymXmhnsâtbm hm¡pIfn ]nSn¨v c£s] Sm\pw JmZnÀIp«n {ian¡p¶pv. ap¼p Xs¶ Rm³ hyàam¡nb Hcp Imcyw H¶pIqSn BhÀ¯n¡s«. JpÀB³ Rm³ hmbn¨Xv AXnsâ ImhyKpWw a\Ênem¡m\Ã. a\pjy\pthn AÃm lp Cd¡ns¡mSp¯XmsW¶p ]dbs¸Sp¶ B {KÙ¯nse Bib§Ä {Kln¡m\mWv. AXn\v Ad_n `mjmÚm\w Bh iyamsW¶mWv hmZn¡p¶sX¦n tIcf¯nse F{X apÉo §Ä¡v JpÀB³ hmbn¨p a\Ênem¡m³ Ignbpw? Ad_n Iq«n hmbn¡m³ ]Tn¨m AÀ°w a\ÊnemhpIbnÃtÃm. Hcp ae bmf ]cn`mjbpw sImÅpIbnsömWv JmZnÀIp«n ]dbp¶Xv. 193
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
IhnXmßIambn XÀÖasNbvX Hcp Cw¥ojv JpÀB\n \n¶v At±lw D²cn¡p¶pv. B ]pkvXIt¯¸än¯s¶ AXp icnbmb XÀÖabsöv NneÀ Bt£]w D¶bn¨ncp¶p. ]n àmfnsâ XÀÖa \¶mbn F¶p ]dbp¶hcpapv. auem\m BkmZnsâ DÀ ZpXÀ Pqasb ÇmLn¡p¶hscbpw hnaÀin¡p¶ htcbpw ImWmw. B XÀÖaIsf¸äntbm AXn D]tbmKn¨n cn¡p¶ Imhyssiensb¸äntbm ]Tnt¡ Bhiyw F\n¡p mbncp¶nÃ. AXpt]mse Xs¶ ]pkvXI¯nsâ BZy]Xn ¸nsâ hen¸w 175 t]Pmbnt¸msb¶pw AXn Atd_ytb ¸änbpw lZokpItfbpw]än ]dªp F¶psams¡bmWv At±l ¯nsâ ]cmXn. Fsâ ]pkvXIw hmbn¨m BfpIÄ¡v Imcyw a\ÊnemIWsa¶v F\n¡p \nÀ_Ôapv . Atd_ybpsS ]Ým¯ew hnhcn¡msX JpÀBs\ ]än ]dªm ]eÀ¡pw Imcy§Ä hyàamhpIbnÃ. JpÀBs\ XpSÀ¶v apÉow kapZm b¯nÂs]« NneÀ FgpXnbXmWv lZokpIÄ. JpÀBsâ XpSÀ¨bmWv AsX¶p thWsa¦n ]dbmw. BfpIÄ AXv F´msW¶v Adntª H¡pIbpÅq. AXpsImmWv Ahtb ¸änbpÅ hnhc§ÄIqSn tNÀ¯Xv. JmZnÀIp«nbpsS a\Ên ]pkvXIcN\sb¸än ]gb GsX¦nepw aebmfw ap³jn ]Tn¸n ¨psh¨ [mcWIÄ ImWpw. AXpsImmhWw At±lw A§s\ ]dbp¶Xv. Fsâ ]pkvXIs¯ hnaÀin¡m³ At±l¯nsâ ssIbn tIms¸m¶pw CÃm¯XpsImmsW¶p tXm¶p¶p, B ]pkvX I¯nse Nne A¨Sn ]niIpIsf ]nSn¨psImv IkÀ¯p \S ¯p¶Xv. Hcp DZmlcWw t\m¡pI. “{]mIrX\pw at\mtcmKn bpamb Hcp Ad_n tKm{XhÀKcmPmhnsâ AhnZKv[ lkvX §Ä cq]w sImSp¯XmWv Cu IrXn” F¶v Rm³ ]dªncp¶p. ‘AhnZKv[³’ F¶ ]Zw A¨Sn¨t¸mÄ BZy ]Xn¸n ‘AXnhn ZKv[³’ F¶mbnt¸mbn. AXnhnZKv[³ F¶p Rm³ ]dªp F¶p IcpXn aäpNne hnaÀiIcpw Rm³ ]ckv]c hncp²ambn kwkmcn¨p F¶p Ipäs¸Sp¯n. at\mtcmKn F§s\ AXnhnZ Kv[\mIpw F¶mWv AhcpsS tNmZyw. JpÀB³ AXoh at\m lcamsW¶pw AXp t]msemcp IrXn aämÀ¡pw cNn¡m³ 194
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
km[yasöpw aX`à·mÀ F{X BWbn«p ]dªmepw tjIv knbÀ IrXnIfpsStbm, ImfnZmkIrXnIfpsStbm, \mebe¯p \n¡m\pÅ tbmKyX Cu IrXn¡nà F¶Xv Hcp bmYmÀ °yamWv. `qan ]c¶XmsW¶v \_n ]dªXv Ae¦mcambn«msW¶p JmZnÀIp«n ]dbp¶p. Ggv F¶v JpÀB\n ]dªm AXn\v At\Iw F¶mWs{X AÀ°w. BImiw F¶p ]dªm D]cn temIw F¶mWÀ°sa¶pw At±lw ]dbp¶p. Ggv BImiw F¶p ]dªm At\Iw D]cntemI§Ä F¶v \½Ä AÀ°w [cn¨psImÅWas{X! km[mcW a\pjyÀ¡p a\ÊnemIphm³ thn Cd¡nbXmWv JpÀBs\¦nÂ, BÀ¡pw a\ÊnemIp¶ `mjbn AsXgpXnIqSmbncpt¶m? \£{X§sf a\pjyÀ¡v hgnIm«nIfmbn«mWv krjvSn¨ncn ¡p¶Xv F¶pÅ JpÀB³ hN\s¯ JmZnÀIp«n hymJym\n ¡p¶Xv t\m¡pI: “B[p\nI Imes¯ hbÀekv D]IcW§ tfm dUmtdm CÃmXncp¶ Ime¯v hnZqc kap{Z§fnepw IcI fnepw k©cn¨ncp¶ a\pjyÀ \£{X§sfbmWv hgnIm«nbmbn Incp¶Xv.” B kwKXn icnbmWv. hbÀekpw dUmdpw Ip ]nSn¡p¶Xn\p ap¼v a\pjy\v aäp amÀK§Ä CÃmbncp¶p. ssZ h¯n\pw {]hmNI\pw hbÀeknt\bpw dUmdnt\bpw ]än Adn bmambncp¶ntÃ? \£{X§sf \nÀ½n¡p¶Xnt\¡mÄ F{X tbm Ffp¸ambncp¶p Ahbn GsX¦nepw \nÀ½n¨p sImSp¯n cps¶¦nÂ! a\pjyÀ F{XthKw ]ptcmKan¡pambncp¶p! asämcp henb tNmZyw JmZnÀIp«n tNmZn¡p¶p: “Cu¨¨nd In Huj[ansöv CSadpIn\p sXfnbn¡phm³ Ignbptam?” NndInsâ Huj[iànbpsS Imcyw Ccn¡s«. tcmKmWp¡ fn Ccp¯nbn«v Hcp Cu¨sb shůnen«p t\m¡pI. Cu¨ bpsS NndInsâ ‘Huj[iàn’sImv B tcmKmWp¡Ä NmIp ¶Xmbn ImWp¶nÃ. Hcp kq£vaZÀin\n D]tbmKn¨p ]cntim [n¨m BÀ¡pw CXp hyàamIpw. NndIn tcmKmWp\min\n Ds¦n B AWp¡Ä \int¡XtÃ? A§s\ tcmKmWp ¡Ä \in¡p¶Xmbn JmZnÀIp«n¡v ImWn¡mtam?” 195
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
kv{Xo¡v C{µnbkvJe\w Ds{X! kv{XoIÄ¡v ssewKnI aqÀ¨bpmIp¶Xv ]pcpjs\t¸mse C{µnbkvJe\w DmIp¶XpsImsöv Rm³ ]dªncp¶p. AXnt\¸än hfsc ]pOn¨mWv JmZnÀIp«n ]dbp¶Xv. F¶n«v alm_p²nam\pw ]ÞnX\pamsW¶ \mSy¯n ‘ssewKnI hnÚm\tImiw’ F¶ t]cn tIm«b¯p \n¶p {]kn²oIcn¨ Hcp ]pkvXI¯n \n¶v Hcp D²cWn sImphcp¶p. B D² cWn CXmWv: “km[mcW KXnbn BtcmKyapÅ kv{XobpsS P\t\{µnbw Nph¸phÀ®hpw \\hpÅXpambncn¡pw. ssewKnImkàn Dm Ipt¼mÄ Cu \\hp hÀ²n¨v P\t\{µnb¯n \ndsªmgp IpIbpw kv\nKv[am¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p.... B\µaqÀ¨bpsS (orgasm) L«amIpt¼mtgbv¡v Cu {ZmhIw tbm\o`n¯nIfn hgphgp¸pm¡p¶p.” ]pcpjsâ ip¢kvJe\w t]mse kwt`mKmhkm\apm¡p ¶ H¶Ã CXv. ]pcpj ip¢¯n _oP§Ä Dv. B _oP§fpw tbm\nbnse Cu {ZmhIhpw tNÀ¶m Ip«nIÄ DmhpIbpanÃ. ip¢kvJe\¯n\p ap¼v ]pcpjenwK¯nepw CXpt]mse \\hp Å {ZmhIw {]Xy£s¸Sp¶pv. AXpw ip¢aÃ. ssewKnI _ Ôw Ffp¸apÅXm¡p¶Xn\p thnbpÅ Hcp kwhn[m\am WnXv. kv{Xo ]pcpj icocimkv{Xt¯¸än Hcp hnhchpanÃm¯ JmZnÀIp«nbpsS Cu hnaÀi\w ]pd¯ph¶Xn\ptijw ]ecpw CtX¸än F\ns¡gpXn. AhcpsSsbÃmw Adnhn\p thn B `mKw Aev]w hniZoIcnt¡nbncp¶p. ‘JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w’ F¶ Fsâ {KÙ¯n ‘JpÀ B\pw imkv{Xhpw’ F¶ Ggmw A²ymb¯nemWv JmZnÀ Ip«nbpsS hnaÀi\¯n\pw ]cnlmk¯n\pw CSbm¡nb `mK apÅXv. tbm\o`n¯nIfn hgphgp¸pm¡p¶ {ZmhIs¯¸än Rm³ H¶pw ]dªncp¶nÃ. kwt`mK¯nsâ Ahkm\¯nÂ, cXnaqÀ ObpsS L«¯n ]pcpj³ ip¢hnkÀÖ\w \S¯p¶p. CXp t]mse {]tXyIamb Hcp C{µnbkvJe\w kv{Xo¡nsömWv 196
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
Rm³ ]dªXv. JmZnÀIp«n ]cntim[n¨ aebmf ssewKnI hnÚm\tImi¯nepw A§s\ Ds¶p ]dbp¶nÃ. temI{] ikvXamb thÄUv_p¡v tlmw saUn¡Â F³sskt¢m]oUn bbn cXnaqÀOtb¸än ]dªncn¡p¶ `mKw ChnsS hnhÀ ¯\w sNbvXp sImSp¡mw. “cXnaqÀO (orgasam) B\µIcamb ssewKnI ]cnkam]vXn bmWv. ]pcpj\n Cu kab¯v ip¢hnkÀÖ\hpw P\t\{µnb `mK¯v XmfmßIamb t]io kt¦mNhpw \S¡p¶p. kv{Xobv¡m Is« tbm\o\mf kt¦mNw DmIp¶p.” The world Book Illustrated Home Medical Encyclopedia, Chicago, 1980, Vol. II. p. 339. sImfw_nbm kÀhIemimebnse tUm. PÌokv sP. jnt^ gvkv No^v FUnädmbpw, temI{]ikvXcmb aäp \nch[n tUm IvSÀamÀ FUntägvkmbpw Xbmdm¡nb Zn ^manen saUn¡Â F³sskt¢m]nUnb \yqtbmÀ¡nse sska¬ Bâ vkvIäÀ {]kn²oIcn¨n«pv. AXn cXnaqÀOsb¸än ]dbp¶ `mKw C§s\bmWv: “cXnaqÀOþ]cnkam]vXn. ssewKntImt¯P\¯nsâ Gähpw DbÀ¶ taJe. ]pcpj³ hnImc¯nsâ ]caImjvTbn ssew KnImhbh¯n \n¶pw ip¢w ]pd¯p hnSp¶p. kv{XobnemIs« ssewKnI kwXr]vXnbpsS Hcp A\p`qXnbpw hnImc kwLÀ j¯nsâ Abhpw BWnXv. Hcp kv{Xo KÀ`nWnbmIp¶Xn\v AhÄ¡v cXnaqÀO A\p`hs¸SWsa¶nÃ.” The Family Medical Encyclopedia, 1974, p. 373-374. cXnaqÀObpsS kab¯v ]pcpjt\t¸mse C{µnb kvJe\w kv{Xobv¡pw DmIp¶nsöpw AhÀ¡p hnImcia\w am{Xta At¸mÄ DmIp¶pÅq F¶pw CXn \n¶v hyàamWv. KÀ`n WnbmIm³ kv{Xobv¡v hnImcia\wt]mepw DmtI Imcy anÃ. AÞmib¯n \n¶pw amk¯n Hcn¡Â ^tem¸nb³ Syq_phgn ]pd¯phcp¶ AÞw KÀ`]m{X¯ntem s^tem¸n b³ Syq_ntem DÅ kab¯mWv ssewKnI_Ôw \S¡p¶ sX¦n _oPhpw AÞhpw IqSn tbmPn¡m³ km[yXbpv. 197
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
AÞw C§s\ ]pd¯phcp¶ Znhkw a\Ênem¡n B kab ¯v ssewKnI_Ô¯n \ns¶mgnbpI F¶Xv k´m\ \nb{´ W¯n\pÅ Hcp amÀKw IqSnbmWv. C{Xbpw hnhc§Ä a\Ên sh¨p sImv _pJmcnbnepÅ Xmsg sImSp¡p¶ lZokv `mKw hmbn¡pI: “A\kv (d)  \n¶p \nthZ\w. Xncpta\n (k) aZo\bnte ¡p h¶ hnhcw A_vZpÃm ln_v\pkeman\v hnhcw In«n. At¸mÄ At±lw Xncpta\nbpsS ASp¡Â sN¶n«p ]dªp.... k´m\¯n\v ]nXmhnt\mSp kmZriyapmIm³ ImcWsa´m Wv? A{]Imcw Xs¶ k´m\§Ä¡v AhcpsS A½mh·mcp ambn cq]kmZriyapmIm\pw ImcWsa´mWv?” Xncpta\n Acp fn: CXm Pn_vco C¡mcy§tf¡pdn¨v Ct¸mÄ Fs¶ Adnbn ¨pIgnªnt«bpÅq... k´m\§Ä¡v amXm]nXm¡tfmSpmIp ¶ cq]kmZriy¯n\p ImcWw CXmWv: Hcp ]pcpj³ Hcp kv{Xo bpambn klhkn¨p, F¶n«v Ah\mWv BZyw C{µnb kvJe\w DmbXv. F¶m B k´m\¯n\v ]pcpjt\mSmWv cq]kmZr iyapmhpI. adn¨v AhÄ¡mWv BZyw kvJe\w DmbsX¦n tem, AhtfmSmWv B k´m\¯n\v cq]kmZriyapmhpI.” (_pJmcn: 1361) cXnaqÀObpsS Ahkm\L«¯n kv{Xo¡pw ]pcpj\pw C{µnb kvJe\w DmIpsa¶p ]dbp¶Xpw AXn BZyw GXp kvJe\amtWm \S¡p¶Xv AXv ]mc¼cys¯ \nb{´n ¡psa¶pw ]dbp¶Xv XnI¨pw sXämWv. AXv Pn_vco ]dª XmsW¶mWv apl½Zv ]dbp¶Xv. Bcp ]dªmepw AXp sXäp Xs¶. ssewKnImhkc¯n \\hpw hgphgp¸pw tbm\o \mf ¯nepm¡p¶ {ZmhI{kmht¯mSp Xpeyamb {ZmhI{kmhw ]pcpj enwK¯nepw DmImdpv. CXn\p cn\pw KÀ`hpambn _ÔanÃ. ]pcpjsâ _oPhpw kv{XobpsS AÞhpw IqSntbmPn ¨mWv KÀ`apmIp¶Xv. AhbnepÅ Po\pIfmWv ]mc¼cys¯ \nb{´n¡p¶Xv. CsXm¶pw Adnbm¯ JmZnÀIp«n, ssewKnI hnÚm\tImi¯n tbm\o \mf¯nse {ZmhI{kmht¯¸än hmbn¨tX ]cnlmkhpambn cwK¯nd§n. Imf s]sä¶p tI« t¸mÄ IbsdSp¯p sImnd§nb hnÍnbpsS kz`mhamWnXv. 198
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
apÉow {KÙImc·mcn ]ecpw B[nImcnIambn D²cn¡p¶ Hcp ]pkvXIamWv tamdnkv _pJmbnbpsS ‘ss__nÄ, JpÀB³, imkv{Xw.’ lZokpIfn hnhcn¡p¶ NnInÕm k{¼Zmb§ tf¸än At±lw ]dbp¶Xv C§s\bmWv: “hnhn[ tcmK§fpambn _Ôs¸« hnjb§fpsS Nne hni ZoIcW§tfmSv C¶p tbmPn¡m³ {]bmkamWv. Ahbn Nne Xp Xmsg ]dbmw. ]\nbpsS DZv`hw: ‘\cI¯nse NqSn \n¶p mIp¶XmWv ]\n’ F¶ hkvXpXbv¡p km£yw hln¡p¶ \mep {]kvXmh§Ä ImWmw. (AÂ_pJmcn, Book of Medicine. Vol. VII, Chapter 28. p. 416)” tbmPn¡m³ {]bmkamWv F¶p ]dªv _pJmbv XÅn¡ fª Cu lZokns\t]mepw \ymboIcn¨psImv JmZnÀIp«n ]dbp¶p: “]\nbpmIp¶sX§s\sb¶ ioÀjI¯n Hcp lZokv D¨cn¨v CSadpIv ]cnlkn¡m³ {ian¨v kzbw ]cnlmk ]m{Xamhp¶Xp ImWmw.” (JpÀB³ hnaÀiIÀ¡p adp]Sn, t]Pv. 33) CXmWv JmZnÀIp«nbpsS ssÌÂ! CXpt]mse tIm«phmbnSp¶Xnt\¸än apl½Zp ]dªXv, AXp ]nimNnsâ {]hr¯nbmsW¶mWv. AXp sXämsW¶pw AXnsâ icocimkv{X]camb ImcWw F´msW¶pw Rm³ hniZoIcn¨ncp¶p. AXn\p JmZnÀIp«n F¶ hnizmkn ]dbp¶ adp]Sn tI«mepw! “tIm«phmbv¡v icocimkv{X]camb F´p ImcW§fpm bmepw \memÄ IqSnbncn¡p¶ kZkn HcmÄ ‘lm’ F¶p tIm«phmbn«p hms]mfn¡p¶Xv Ahe£Ww ]nSn¨ Hcp ss]im NnI {]hr¯nbmsW¶v kmam\y t_m[apÅ Bcpw AwKoI cn¡pw.” (hnaÀiIÀ¡p adp]Sn. t]Pv 34) F§s\bncn¡p¶p hymJym\n¨v H¸n¡Â? tIm«phmbnSp¶Xv A]acymZbmbn IW¡m¡p¶ k{¼Zmbw temI¯n FÃm bnS¯pansöpw ]mhw JmZnÀIp«n¡v AdnbnÃ. tIm«phm ss]imNnI {]hr¯nbmsW¦n icocimkv{X]cambn AXn \pÅ Bhiyw krjvSn¨ (FÃmänt\bpw krjvSn¨Xv ssZham sW¶mWtÃm JmZnÀIp«nbpsS hnizmkw) ssZhamWv B 199
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
ss]imNnI {]hr¯nbpsSbpw ImcW¡mc³ F¶p ]dtbn hcpsa¶p t]mepw At±lw HmÀ¯nÃ! hnhcanÃm¯ ]e Imcy§fnepw IS¶pIbdn A`n{]mbw ]dbm³ aSn¡m¯ HcmfmWv JmZnÀIp«nsb¶v At±l¯nsâ ]e {]kvXmh\Ifpw sXfnhmWv. kz]v\w ImWp¶sX§s\ bmsW¶pÅXn\p apl½Zp ]dª Hc`n{]mbw lZoknepv. AXn§s\bmWv: “]cnip² kz]v\§Ä AÃmlphn¦Â \n¶p ÅXmWv. t]¡n\mhpIÄ ]nimNn¦Â \n¶pÅXpw. \n§fn hÃh\pw `bm\Iamb hà kz]v\hpw Ip Ignªm Ah³ Xsâ CSXp`mKt¯¡v H¶p Xp¸pIbpw AXnsâ \mi¯n \n¶pw AÃmlphn¦Â A`b¯n\pthn {]mÀ°n¡pIbpw sNbvXpsImÅs«. F¦n AXv Ahs\ D]{Zhn¡pIbnÃ.” (_pJmcn: 1351) kz]v\s¯¸än F{X _meniamb A`n{]mbamWv apl½Zn \pmbncp¶sX¶p sXfnbn¡p¶ Hcp {]kvXmh\bmWnXv. kz]v\w ImWpIsb¶Xv a\pjy a\Ênsâ kz`mhamsW¶v a\ximkv{Xw sXfnbn¨n«pv. CXn\pw hnizmknbmb JmZnÀIp «n¡p adp]Snbpv: “kz]v\§sf kw_Ôn¨v C{X efnXambn ]dªp hnSm³ B[p\nI imkv{Xw ]Tn¨ BÀs¡¦nepw Ignbp tam? a\pjy a\kpIÄ hnZqc§fn \n¶p bmsXmcp am²yahpw D]tbmKn¡msX _Ôs¸Sp¶ ‘sSen¸Xn’ Hcp imkv{XtcJbm bn AwKoIcn¨v KthjWw \S¯ns¡mncn¡p¶ Hcp ImeL« amWnXv.” (JpÀB³ hnaÀiIÀ¡p adp]Sn. t]Pv 36). sSen¸Xnsb kw_Ôn¨v KthjWw \S¡p¶ps¦nepw AXv C¶pw im kv{Xob kXyambn AwKoIcn¨n«nà F¶ hnhcw ]mhw JmZnÀ Ip«n AdnªnÃ. sSen¸Xnbpw kz]v\hpw X½n F´mWv _Ô sa¶pw JmZnÀIp«n¡p ]dbm\nÃ. kz]v\apmIp¶Xv ssZh¯n sâtbm ]nimNnsâtbm {]hÀ¯\^eamsW¶v hnthIapÅ apÉo§Ät]mepw hnizkn¡psa¶p tXm¶p¶nÃ. ]m¼nsâ ZÀi\¯m KÀ`On{Zw DmIpsa¶pw I®nsâ ImgvN \in¡psa¶pw Hs¡ apl½Zv ]dªn«pv. tbmPn¡m³ {]bmkamb Imcysa¶p ]dªv tamdnkv _pJmbv XÅn¡f ªXmWXv. (ss__nÄ, JpÀ B³, imkv{Xw, t]Pv 241) ]t£, 200
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
JmZnÀIp«n F¶ ISp¯ hnizmkn¡v AXp km[n¡p¶nÃ. ]m¼p ISntbäm th NnInÕ e`n¡msX acWSbpI am{Xw sN bv Xncp¶ ImeL«¯n ]m¼pIsf Im sIm¶pIfb Wsa¶p \_n ]dªXn Hcp Akm[mcWXzhpanà F¶mWv At±lw ]dbp¶Xv. AXn Akm[mcWXzaps¶v Rm³ ]dªnÃ. AÃmlp Ab¨ {]hmNI\mWp apl½sZ¦n ]m¼n s\ Im KÀ`w Aeknt¸mIpsa¶p ]dbpambncp¶nà F¶m Wv Fsâ hmZw. C§s\ km[n¡pambncps¶¦n ImgvN _w¥m hn ]m¼ns\ kq£n¡p¶ IqSn\p shfnbn KÀ`nWnIÄ Iyq \n¡pambncp¶p. Fw.än.]n. (saUn¡Â sSÀant\j³ Hm^v s{]á³kn) FSp¡m³ Bip]{Xnbn t]mImsX Ign¡matÃm.
JmZnÀIp«n apÉow Xs¶tbm? JpÀB³ F¶ aX{KÙs¯¸än JmZnÀIp«n ]dbp¶Xpw ckI camWv: “JpÀB³ FÃm Imet¯¡papÅ a\pjyÀ¡pthn BImi ¯p \n¶p \qen sI«n Cd¡nb {KÙaÃ. apl½Zp \_n (k) bptSbpw kJm¡fptSbpw PohnX¯neqsS {]tbmKh¡cn¨ Hcp amXrIm kaqlw {InbmßIambn krjvSn¨v temI¯nsâ ap¼n ImgvNshbv¡m³ Bhiyhpw kµÀ`hpw A\pkcn¨v Cd§nb kqà§fpsS kamlmcamWv JpÀB³. Pohn¡p¶ Hcp kaql¯nsâ ]cnanXnIfpw km²yXIfpw IW¡nseSp¯p sImpam{Xta A§s\ cwK¯p hcp¶ {KÙ¯n\v \nba§Ä kwhn[m\n¡m³ Ignbq.” (JpÀB³ hnaÀiIÀ¡p adp]Sn. t]Pv 45) ChnsSsb¯nbt¸mÄ hnizmknbmb JmZnÀIp«n JpÀB³ hN\§sf Xs¶ kwibn¡p¶p. BImi¯p \n¶p \qen sI«n Cd¡nb {KÙaà CsX¶mWtÃm JmZnÀIp«n ]dbp¶Xv. Rm³ AXnt\mSp ]qÀWambn tbmPn¡p¶p. ]t£, JpÀB\n ]dbp¶Xv A§s\bÃ. “CXv (JpÀB³) {]]©]cn]meIsâ ASp¡Â \n¶p Ah Xcn¸n¡s¸«XmWv.” (JpÀB³ 69:43) “\nÝbambpw Cu JpÀB³ Dd¸mb kXyw Xs¶.” (JpÀ B³ 69:51) 201
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
“XnIª X{´Ú\pw FÃmw Adnbp¶h\pamb AÃmlp hn¦Â \n¶mWv \n\¡v JpÀB³ \ÂIs¸Sp¶Xv. ” (JpÀB³ 27:6) “BImi§fnepw `qanbnepapÅ FÃm clky§fpadnbp¶ h\mWv Cu JpÀB³ AhXcn¸n¨ncn¡p¶Xv.” (JpÀB³ 25:6) AXpXs¶ ssZh¯nsâ ASp¡epÅ aqe{KÙ¯n \n¶p D½p (InXm_v) ]IÀ¯nbXmsW¶pw IqSn ]dbp¶pv. (JpÀ B³ 43:4) Hcp apÉow CsXÃmw hnizkn¡phm³ \nÀ_ÔnX\mWv. ] t£, JmZnÀIp«n ]dbp¶Xv JpÀB³ BImi¯p \n¶p \q en sI«nb {KÙasömWv. B \nebn At±lw CÉmw aX¯nsâ ASnØm\ hnizmk§fn \n¶p hyXnNen¨ Bfm sW¶p hcp¶p. “ASna¯w HäbSn¡v Ahkm\n¸n¡m³ apl½Zv (k) am{Xw Dt±in¨m km²yaÃmbncp¶p F¶v \mw Ip Ignªp”þ Jm ZnÀIp«n ]dbp¶p. a\pjyÀ apgph³ AÃmlphnsâ ASnaIfm sW¶p ]Tn¸n¡p¶ aX¯n\v ASna¯w Ahkm\n¸n¡m³ km[yaÃtÃm.
hnhmlhpw hy`nNmchpw
“hnhmlw hfsc efnXamWv CÉmanÂ. Hcp `mcyaXnbmIm¯ hÀ¡v \mep `mcyhsc CÉmw A\phZn¨ncn¡p¶p”þ F¶v JmZnÀ Ip«n ]dbp¶p (t]Pv 48). ]t£, Hcp `À¯mhp t]msc¶p tXm ¶p¶ kv{Xobv¡v \mep `À¯m¡·mÀ BImtam? kv{XoIÄ¡v ]pcpjt\mfw ssewKnI hnImcansÃt¶m, kv{Xo AhfpsS hnIm cw AS¡ns¡mÅWsat¶m F´mWmthm JmZnÀIp«nbpsS \ymbw! CÉmanI kzÀKt¯¸än JpÀB\nepw lZokpIfnepw [mcm fw {]kvXmh\Ifpv. AXnsâ Hcp Npcp§nb hnhcw ‘JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\’¯n sImSp¯ncn¡p¶p. AXns\¸än JmZnÀ Ip«nbpsS hniZoIcWhpw GXmv Fsâ hmZKXnItfmSp tbmPn¡p¶XmWv. At±lw ]dbp¶p: “hne¡pIfpw \n_Ô\IfpanÃm¯ B PohnX¯n a\p 202
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
jy³ B{Kln¡p¶ kpJ§sfÃmw e`yambncn¡pw.... acp`q anbn Pohn¡p¶ Ad_nIsf kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfw Xmgv`mK ¯p IqSn AcphnIÄ HgpIp¶ Hcp DZym\w apKv[amb Hcp k¦ev] amWv. kzÀKob PohnXkmlNcys¯ hÀWn¡m³ Cu ssien JpÀB³ D]tbmKn¡p¶Xnsâ a\ximkv{Xw AXmWv. ssewKn I PohnX¯n Ht«sd \n_Ô\IÄ GÀs¸Sp¯p¶ CÉmw, kzÀK¯n B{Klm`nemj§sf ]qÀ¯oIcn¡p¶ kpµchpw B\µIchpamb kÀÆkpJ§tfmSpsam¸w Hcp ssewKnI Pohn X¯nsâ `mh\bpw AhXcn¸n¡p¶p.” (JpÀB³ hnaÀiIÀ¡p adp]Sn t]Pv. 49,50) Cu kzÀK k¦ev]w shdpw `mh\bmsW¶pw B `mh\bn Xs¶ ssewKnIXbpsS AXn{]kcaps¶pamWv Rm³ ]d ªXv. JmZnÀIp«nbpsS kzÀKs¯¸änbpÅ `mh\ F§s\ ]ptcmKan¡p¶p F¶pwIqSn AdntbXmWv: Cu temIt¯t¸mse kmaqly \nba§fpw sI«p]mSpIfpan Ãm¯ Hcp kaql¯n ‘hy`nNmcw’, ‘hnhmlw XpS§nbhbv s¡m¶pw {]kànbnÃ’ (JpÀB³ hnaÀiIÀ¡p ad]pSn. t]Pv 50). I¶pImenItft¸mse bmsXmcp \nb{´WhpanÃm¯ ssewKnI PohnXamWv kzÀK¯n F¶mWv JmZnÀIp«n ]dbp ¶Xv. AXns\ Rm³ ‘hy`nNmcw’ F¶p hnfn¨Xn am{Xsa JmZnÀIp«n¡p hnjaapÅq. “CÉman\p ap¼v kv{XoIÄ¡v ]n´pSÀ¨mhImi¯n ]¦n Ãmbncp¶p” F¶v JmZnÀIp«n ]dbp¶p (t]Pv 55). A§s\bm sW¦n apl½Znsâ BZy`mcy JZoP [\mVybmbsX§s\? AhcpsS kz¯v ]n´pSÀ¨mhImiwhgn In«nbXsæn F§ s\ Dmbn? JpÀB³ hnaÀiIÀ¡p adp]Sn F¶ ]pkvXI¯nse Ah km\s¯ \mev A[ymb§Ä Fsâ ]pkvXIs¯ ]cmaÀin ¡p¶XÃ. AXpsImv Rm³ adp]Sn ]dtb BhiyhpanÃ.
Hcp DW¡ hm²ymcpsS D]tZiw
‘JpÀB³ hnaÀiIÀ¡p adp]Sn’ F¶ ]pkvXI¯n ‘CSadpIv imkv{Xw ]Tn¡s«’ F¶ t]cn Hcp A²ymbw Dv. AsXgpXn 203
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
bncn¡p¶Xv Hcp s{]m^kÀ bp. Pam apl½ZmWv. henb ]ÞnX\msW¶pÅ `mh¯n At±lsagpXnb Cu teJ\ ¯nepÅnSt¯mfw D]cn¹hXbpw hnhc¡pdhpw asämcp teJ\ ¯nepw ImWpIbpmbnÃ. JpÀB\n imkv{X¯n\p \nc¡m ¯ ]e Imcy§fpaps¶v Rm³ DZmlcWklnXw sXfnbn ¨ncp¶p. AXns\m¶pw adp]Sn]dbm³ Cu hm²ymÀ¡v Ignbpam bncp¶nÃ. AXpsImv At±l¯nsâ hmZKXn t]mIp¶Xv asämcp hgn¡mWv. AXv Cu DW¡hm²ymcpsS ‘]mÞnXyw’ sXfnbn¡p¶p. At±lw Ft¶¸än ]dbp¶Xv C§s\bmWv: “{KÙImc³ (CSadpIv) _n.F.F {]nenan\dn ]co£ ]mkm bn«ps¶v {]kvX mhn¨ncn¡p¶p. _n.F.F kne_kn imkv{Xhnjb§Ä DÄs¸Sp¯nbn«nÃ.” (JpÀB³ hnaÀiIÀ ¡p adp]Sn, t]Pv. 69) Nne ]gb hm²ym·mcpsS kz`mhw AXmWv. AhÀ ¢mkn ]Tn¨Xv Ip«nIsf ]Tn¸n¡pw. AXn\p tijapmIp¶ Hcp Ip]nSn¯s¯¸änbpw ]pkvXI§tf¸änbpw AhÀ¡v hnhcap mhpIbnÃ. Fw.F.bv¡v Ncn{Xw sFNvOnIambn FSp¯p ]Tn ¨ HcmÄ, cmjv{Sobw ]Tn¨n«nsöpw AXpsImv cmjv{Sob {]hÀ¯\w \S¯cpsX¶pw Cu IW¡n \½psS Pam hm ²ymÀ hmZnt¨¡pw. ImcWw ]Ån¡qS¯n ]Tn¨ Ime¯n\p tijw Fs´¦nepw a\pjyÀ hmbnt¨m, aäp hn[¯ntem ]Tn¡p sa¶v At±l¯n\v Nn´n¡phm³ km[yaÃtÃm. kv¡qfpIfn \n¶pw tImtfPpIfn \n¶pw \ap¡p In«p¶ Adnhv F{Xtbm ]cnanXamWv. XIgn inhi¦c¸nÅ h¡o ]co£bmWv ]mkm bn«pÅsX¶pw AXnsâ kne_kn t\mhÂ, sNdpIY, XpS §nbh DÄs¸Sp¯nbn«nsöpw AXpsImv At±lw Ahsbm ¶pw FgpXm³ ]mSnsöpw Ct±lw hmZnt¨¡pw. “Fsâ B im³ ]Tn¸n¨XÃmsX asäm¶pw F\n¡dnbm³ ]mSnÔ F¶ hnizmk{]amWhpambn Ignbp¶ BfmWt±lw. `qan Hcp hncn¸pt]mse ]c¶XmsW¶pw BImiw AXnsâ apIfn Hcp taÂX«pt]mse \n¡p¶p F¶pw hyàambn {]Xn]mZn¡p¶ At\Iw hmIy§Ä JpÀB\nepv. AXn Nne hmIy§Ä Rm³ Fsâ ]pkvXI¯n D²cn¨ncp¶p. 204
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
AXn\p hm²ymÀ ]dbp¶ hnNn{Xamb adp]Sn C§s\bmWv: “F¶m Xm³ D²cn¨ncn¡p¶ JpÀB³ hN\§Ä B[p\nI imkv{Xw icnsh¨p Ignªncn¡p¶p F¶pÅ hkvXpX CSadpIv Adnªn«nÔ (JpÀB³ hnaÀiIÀ¡p adp]Sn þ t]Pv 65). CXp tI«m tXm¶pw, `qan ]c¶XmsW¶pw BImiw ta¯«m sW¶psams¡ imkv{Xw k½Xn¨p Ignªp F¶v. `qan ]c¶XmsW¶p hyàambn {]Xn]mZn¡p¶ \nch[n hmIy§Ä JpÀB\nepÅXn 11 hmIy§Ä Rm³ D²cn¨ncp ¶p. AXn Hcp hmIysaSp¯v kz´w hymJym\w \ÂIn hm ²ymÀ c£s]Sm³ {ian¡p¶p. B hmIyw CXmWv: “`qansb \mw ]c¯nbnSpIbpw I\¯ ]ÀÆX§Ä AXn Øm]n¡pIbpw FÃm hkvXp¡sfbpw hyhØnXamb tXmXn AXn \mw apf¸n¡pIbpw sNbvXncn¡p¶p.” (JpÀB³ 15:19) CXv kn.F³. Al½Zv auehnbpsS XÀÖabmWv. Sn.sI. A_vZpÃmauehnbpsS XÀÖa C§s\bmWv: “`qansb \mw hncn¡pIbpw Dd¨Xmb ]ÀÆX§sf \mw A Xn \nt£]n¡pIbpw sNbvXncn¡p¶p.” CXn\p hm²ymÀ \ÂIp¶ hymJym\w ckIcamWv: “Cu hmIyw Aimkv{XobamsW¶v At±lw sXän²cn¡p hm³ ImcWw Cu hmNI¯n `qanbpsS BIrXntb¸änbmWv ]dbp¶Xv F¶t±lw IcpXnbXpsImmbncn¡mw. F¶m Cu hmIy¯n `qanbpsS {]IrXnsb¡pdn¨mWv {]Xn]mZn¡p ¶Xv. `qanbpsS DÆmhNs¯, D]cnXe {]IrXn (Relief)sb¸än bmWv ChnsS {]Xn]mZn¨ncn¡p¶sX¶v H¶pIqSn BtemNn ¨m a\Ênem¡mhp¶sXbpÅp. BIrXntb¸änbmbncps¶ ¦n `qan ]c¶ncn¡p¶ Imcyhpw D]cnXe¯n ImWp¶ ]ÀÆX¯nsâ Imcyhpw kky§sf apf¸n¡p¶ Imcyhpw ]dtb BhiyanÃ.” (JpÀB³ hnaÀiIÀ¡p adp]Sn. t]Pv. 65þ66) CsX{X _meniamb Ipcp«phmZamsW¶v Aev]w ]cntim[n ¨m hyàamIpw. Cu kqdbnse 16 apX 25þhscbpÅ hmIy §sf kn.F³. Al½Zv auehn ‘AÃmlphnsâ I¿nemWv \nb {´Wm[nImc§Ä’ F¶ k_vslUnwKn\p XmsgbmWv sImSp ¯ncn¡p¶Xv . ssZhamWv FÃmw \nb{´n¡p¶Xv F¶p 205
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
Øm]n¡p¶XmWv B hmIy§Ä. FÃmsa¶pÅXpsImv Al½Zv auehn sImSp¯ncn¡p¶ k_vslUnwKv icnbmWv. \½psS hm²ymtc¡mÄ Al½Zv auehn¡v JpÀB³ Adnbm sa¶v CXp sXfnbn¡p¶p. `qanbpsS {]IrXntbtbm, BIrXn tbtbm hnhcn¡p¶Xn\pthnbà apl½Zv Cu `mKw FgpXn bXv. AÃmlp sNbvX ]e Imcy§sf¡pdn¨v kmµÀ`nIambn At±lw ]dbp¶p Ft¶bpÅq. 16 apXepÅ hmIy§fpsS Npcp ¡anXmWv. “BImi¯p ]e \£{X§tfbpw Øm]n¡pIbpw ImWn IÄ¡v AewIrXam¡nshbv¡pIbpw sNbvXp. FÃm ]nimNp ¡fn \n¶pw BImis¯ kpc£nXam¡n sh¨p. `qansb ]c ¯nbnSpIbpw I\¯ ]ÀhX§fn AXn Øm]n¡pIbpw FÃm hkvXp¡sfbpw AXn apf¸n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. PohPme §fpsS Blmcw Hcp¡nsh¨p. ImäpIsf Abbv¡pIbpw BIm i¯p \n¶p ag s]¿n¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p.” C§s\ t]mIp¶p, B hmIy§Ä. ChnsS `qanbpsS {]IrXn hÀWn¡pIbmWp sN¿p¶sX¶v Pam ]dbp¶Xv ASnØm\ clnXamWv. AÃmlp sN¿p¶ Imcy§fmWv hnhcn¡p¶Xv. ‘`qansb ]c¯nbn«Xv’ At±lw sNbvX Hcp Imcyambn«mWv ChnsS ]dbp¶Xv. km[mcW¡mÀ¡v a\ÊnemImXncn¡m\pw ]mÞnXyw {]ISn¸n¡m\pw thn hm²ymÀ ChnsS Hcp X{´w {]tbmKn¨n«pv. ‘`qanbpsS DÆmhNw’, D]cnXe {]IrXn (Relief) F¶n §s\ H¶p cp hm¡pIÄ A\mhiyambn AhnsS Ip¯n¯ncpIn ]mÞnXy {]IS\w \S¯m\mWv {iaw. hm²ymÀ B{iaw XpScp¶Xp t\m¡pI: “]ÀÆX§fpsS LS\tb¸änbpw k´penXmhØ (Isoslatic balance) sb¸änbpw 1889 apXÂt¡ `qKÀ`imkv{Xw (Geology), `qanbpsS Afhpambn _Ôs¸« PntbmUkn (Geodesy), `qhn hcW imkv{Xw (Geography) F¶o imkv{X hn`mK§Ä \S ¯nb Ip]nSn¯§tf¸änbpw CSadpIv ]Tn¡mXncp¶XpsIm mWv JpÀB\n ]ÀÆX§sf¸än ]dbp¶ `mK§Ä Aimkv {XobamsW¶v At±l¯n\p tXm¶nbXv. (JpÀB³ hnaÀiIÀ ¡p adp]Sn, t]Pv 66þ67) 206
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
Cu hI hnjb§tf¸än Rm³ ]Tn¨n«nsöv Cu hm²ymÀ F§s\ Adntªm Bthm? ]Ån¡qS¯n ]Tn¨Xp am{Xta ]Tn¡q F¶ hmin¡mc\mbXpsImmhmw C§s\ IcpXm³ At±ls¯ t{]cn¸n¨Xv. XpSÀ¶v At±lw ]dbp¶Xv hnNn{X amb Hcp hnhcamWv AXv. At±l¯nsâ hm¡pIfn Xs¶ D²cn¡mw. “aebpsS apIfn ImWp¶ `mK§sf¡mÄ henb Hmtcm `mKw `qanbpsS apIÄ ]c¸n\p Xmsgbpv. aeIÄ¡v thcpIÄ Ds¶mWv taÂ]dª imkv{X¯nsâ hàm¡Ä Ip]nSn ¨ncn¡p¶Xv. imkv{XImc·mÀ ]dbp¶ thcpIÄ F¶ hm¡nt\ ¡mÄ IqSpX A\ptbmPyambXv JpÀB\n ]dªncn¡p¶ BWn F¶ hm¡mWv.” (JpÀB³ hnaÀiIÀ¡p adp]Sn t]Pv,7) CXp tIÄ¡pt¼mÄ ]ÀhX§Ä DmIp¶sX§ns\bm sW¶dnbm¯ km[mcW¡mÀ¡v kwibw tXm¶mw. hm²ymÀ ¡v CXn Ihnª B{Klaps¶p tXm¶p¶nÃ. Asæn BWnt]mse `qanbn Xd¨p\ndp¯nbncn¡p¶XmWv ]ÀÆX §Ä F¶p ]dbpambncp¶nÃ. DZv`h¯nsâ ASnØm\¯n ]ÀÆX§sf \membn Xncn¡mdpv. Aán ]ÀÆX§fpsS ^e ambn DmbhbmWv AXn Hcp hn`mKw. `qanbpsS A´À`mK ¯p \n¶pÅ XÅ aqew {ItaW DbÀ¶phcp¶ aeIfmWnh. CXn NneXv s]m«ns¯dn¡psa¦nepw emh hoWv aeIÄ Db cpw. aS¡p ]ÀÆX§Ä (Fold Mountains) BWv asämcn\w. `qanbpsS ]pdt´mSnepmb amä§fpsS ^eambn«v A©ptImSn sImçġp ap¼mWv C¯cw ]ÀÆX§fn ]eXpw DZv`hn¨ sX¶v temI{]ikvX `qanimkv{XÚ\mb s{]m^kÀ F¨v.sP. s¹bqsd ]dbp¶p. tdm¡okv, B³sUkv, lnamebw, BÂ]vkv XpS§nb ]ÀÆX§sfÃmw A§s\ DmbXmWv. Pqdm ]ÀÆXw aS¡p ]ÀÆX§fpsS Hcp \à DZmlcWambn IcpXs¸Sp¶p. t»m¡v au³kv (Block Mountains) BWv aq¶mas¯ C\w. `qanbpsS ]pdwtXmSnepmIp¶ s]m«ensâ ^eambn Nne `mK§Ä XmgpIbpw aäp Nne `mK§Ä DbcpIbpw sN¿pw. G Xmv 500 ssa \ofapÅ knsbdm s\hmUm ]ÀÆXw Cu hn`mK¯nÂs¸Spw. AhinjvS]ÀÆX§Ä (Residual Mountains) 207
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
BWv \memas¯ C\w. \Zn Ip¯nsbmen¨p aäp Ipsd `mKw t]mbXn\p tijw \n¡p¶ DbÀ¶ {]tZi§fmWv C¯cw ]ÀÆX§Ä. \yqtbmÀ¡nse ImSvkvIn aeIÄ C¯c¯n s]« ]ÀÆX§fpsS H¶m´cw DZmlcW§fmWv. kvtImSve ânse DbÀ¶ {]tZi§fpw Cu hn`mK¯n s]Spw. C§s\bpÅ \mepXcw ]ÀÆX§Ä¡pw BWnIfpw thcpI fpsam¶pw DÅXmbn `qanimkv{XImc·mÀ ]dbp¶nÃ. Nne ]ÀÆ X§Ä ISen\Snbn t]mepapv. Ac \qämn\p aps¼ gpXnb hà ]g©³ ]pkvXI§Ä B[mcam¡nbmbncn¡Ww Pam C¯cw hnUvVn¯w FgpXnbXv. ^m_À, F¨v.F. Iymb tPmÀPv UmÀhn³, HmÌn³ anÃÀ, FÌn³ Chm³kv, sIm¶¯v lmsc, dpUvtamkv {_u¬ XpS§n \nch[n `qanimkv{XImc·mÀ C¯cw hnjb§sf¸än FgpXnbn«pv. A¯cw {KÙ§Ä hmbn¨Xn\ptijw thnbncp¶p Pam `qanimkv{Xs¯¸än B[nImcnIambn FgpXm³. Cu hnZzm³ Hcp s{]m^kdmsW¶p ImWp¶p. AÃmlp `qanbn ASn¨nd¡nbncn¡p¶ BWnI fmWv ]ÀÆX§sf¶p ]dbp¶ Cu a\pjy³ GXp tImtfPnse s{]m^kÀ BsW¶v F\n¡dnbnÃ. At±l¯nsâ hnZymÀ°n IfpsS ImcytamÀ¡pt¼mÄ F\n¡v ZpxJw tXm¶p¶p
208
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
CSadpIn\v Hcp adp]Sn ‘JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w’ F¶ IrXn¡v Gähpw HSphn adp]Sn FgpXnbXv Fkv.Fw. X§Ä, \mZ]pcw BWv. aäpÅ Nnesct¸mse ]mÞnXy {]IS\sam¶pw At±lw \S¯p¶nÃ. Hcp ip² \m«p¼pd¯pImc³ hnizmknbmWv X§Ä F¶p tXm ¶p¶p. “CsXgpXphm³ D]tbmKn¨ B[nImcnI {KÙw {][m\ ambpw CSadpInsâ ‘JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w’ Xs¶bmWv. _m¡nbpÅ `mKw Fsâ sNdnb HmÀ½bn \n¶pw FSps¯ gpXnbXmWv. AXpsImv {KÙ¡pdn¸pIÄ H¶pw CXn Fgp XmXncp¶XmWv” F¶v At±lw BapJ¯n ]dbp¶pv. Imcyamb {KÙ]cnNbtam hnZym`ymktam DÅ BfmWv X§Ä F¶v ]pkvXIw hmbn¨m tXm¶pIbnÃ. F¦nepw Hcp acymZ At±lw ImWn¨p. {]kn²oIcn¨ DSs\ Hcp tIm¸n F\n¡b¨p X¶p. Fkv.Fw. X§Ä Ignªm C. XmlnÀ am{XamWv B acymZ ImWn¨Xv. aäpÅhcpsS ]pkvXI§Ä Rm³ Xs¶ tXSn ¸nSnt¡n h¶p. Fkv.Fw. X§fpsS IrXnbn adp]Sn ]dtb Hcp t]mbn âpw CÃ. Nne Btcm]W§Ä, sXän²mcWIÄ F¶nhbmWv At±l¯n\pÅXv. ip² {KmaoW`mjbn AXp ]dbp¶p: “CbmÄ Atd_ybn k©cn¨n«nÃ, s]mSn IXmbn ]pkv XI¯n ]dªn«panÃ. ]ns¶tbm CÉmanI Ncn{XImc·mÀ FgpXnb bm{XmIpdn¸pIsfbpw aäp Nne hnhc§sfbpw am{Xta tPmk^v AhÀIÄ hnebncp¯nbn«pÅq F¶p ]dbmw.”(t]Pv.1) Atd_ysb¸än s]mXphmbn a\Ênem¡msX CÉmwaX t¯bpw apl½Znt\bpw ]än ]Tn¡m³ km[yaÃ. AXpsIm mWv Fsâ ]pkvXI¯nsâ Bcw`¯n AXp hnhcn¡p¶Xv. A{Xbpw hnhc§Ä FgpXm³ Atd_ybn t]mIWsa¶nÃ. 209
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
]t£, X§Ä IcpXp¶Xpt]mse Atd_y kµÀin¡m¯ Hcm fà Rm³. a[y]uckvXy tZi§fnse ]e cmPy§fnepsa¶ Xpt]mse Xs¶ Atd_ybnepw t]mIm³ F\n¡v kuIcyw In«nbn«pv. X§fpsS asämcp A`n{]mbw tIÄ¡pI: “{]hmNI ]Zhn AÃmlp \ÂInbXmWv. AXp apl½Zp \_n (k:A)bv¡p Xs¶ \ÂInbXmWv. AXnsâ HchØbpw asämcmÄ¡pw A\p`hkm[yaÃ. C¯cw Imcy§fn apÉoaÃm ¯ Xm¦Ä¡v H¶pw A\p`hn¸n¡m³ IgnbpIbnÃ.”(t]Pv 6) AÃmlp, {]hmNI ]Zhn XpS§nbhsbms¡ shdpw AÔhn izmk§fmWv. C¯cw AÔhnizmk§fmIp¶ I©mthm Idp t¸m Ign¨hÀ¡v ]eXpw tXm¶pw. AXp Ign¡m¯hÀ¡v Ch cpsS {]hr¯nIfn ]eXpw hnUvVn¯ambn tXm¶psat¶ bpÅq. aäp apÉow hnaÀiI·msct¸mse lZokpIfn Aimkv {Xobambn ImWp¶Xn\m NneXns\sb¦nepw XÅn¡fbm \pw X§Ä XbmdnÃ. At±l¯nsâ Nne A`n{]mb§Ä Xmsg sImSp¡p¶p. “aq¶p Ip«nIÄ acn¨m kzÀKw B Ip«nIfpsS c£nXm ¡Ä¡ps¶v \_n (k:A) AcpÄ sNbvXXpw icnXs¶. ]s£, c£nXm¡Ä apÉow Bbncn¡Ww.” (t]Pv. 21) “]nimNns\¸än \_n ]Tn¸n¨Xv ]nimNv a\pjysâ cà[an \nbn¡qSn k©cn¡pw F¶mWv. ]nimNv k©cn¡pt¼mÄ icoc¯n amä§Ä DmIpw.” (t]Pv 32) “tkmZc, tPmkt^ AhnsS (kzÀK¯nÂ)bpÅ lqdnIÄ ChnSs¯ kv{XoIsf¡mÄ (acWm\´c PohnX¯nÂ) anI¨h cmsW¶p [cn¡cpXv. ChnsS \n¶p acWs¸Sp¶ kv{XoIÄ Gähpw AgImÀ¶ kzÀKhmknIfmWv.... ]pcpj·mÀ¡v AhcpsS kv{XoIsfbpw lqdnIsfbpw AÃmlp \ÂIpw. Ip«nIfpsS ssI bn ]m{X§Ä Dv. AgIpÅ ]m{X§Ä. AXn aZyhpapv. CjvSs¸Spt¼mÄ hm§n¡pSn¡mw.” (t]Pv 41) “kzÀK¯nse hnbÀ¸v CSadpIp hmZn¡pwt]mse hnkÀP\ s]mcpfÃ. B hnbÀ¸nsâ hmk\ IkvXqcntb¡mfpw AXnib apÅ hmk\bmWv.” (t]Pv 42) 210
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
“kzÀK¯nse hnbÀ¸n\v IkvXqcntb¡mfpw aäpw AXnib apÅ hmk\bmWv.” (t]Pv 42) hnbÀ¸n\v IvkvXqcntb¡mÄ aWaps{X! At¸mÄ kzÀK ¯nse Xo«¯n\pw aq{X¯n\pw AXn IqSpX aWw ImWpa tÃm. Fkv.Fw. X§tft¸mepÅhÀ kzÀK¯n sN¶m Cu ‘Znhy’ hkvX p¡Ä tiJcn¡p¶ sXmgn GsäSp¡pambncn ¡mw! C\n {ioam³ X§fpsS kzÀK¯nse Gähpw henb kpJ sa´msW¶p IqSn AdntbXmWv. At±lw ]dbp¶Xv ]ctam ¶XkpJw {kjvSmhns\ ZÀin¡emWv. kzÀKw A\´ambn \ne\n¡psa¶mWtÃm hnizmkw. Hcmsf t\m¡ns¡mv A\ ´ambn Ccn¡pI F¶p ]dªm AsX{X henb kpJambn BZyw tXm¶nbmepw ]ns¶ Gähpw henb \cIambn¯ocpI bntÃ? CsXms¡ X§fpsS hnizmk§fmWv. Fs´Ãmw aSb¯c §Ä hnizkn¡phm\pw BfpIÄ¡v kzmX{´yapv. inhenw KamsW¶p hnizkn¨v Icn¦Ãns\ ]qPn¡p¶hcpw CXnt\mSp kmayapÅ kzÀKcmPys¯¸än ]dbmdpv. AXhcpsS hnizm kw. sXfnhnÃmsX AÔambn hnizkn¡p¶hÀ A§s\ B izmkw sImÅs«.
X§fpsS thymtamlw CÉmw aXw B[n]Xyw t\Snb Hcp cmPy¯pw kzX{´Nn´ A\phZn¡mdnÃ. CÉmwaX¯ns\Xncmtbm JpÀB\v FXncm tbm Bsc¦nepw Fs´¦nepw ]dªm apÉow `cWm[nIm cnIÄ \nÀ±bw Ahsc sIm¶pIfbpIbmWv ]Xnhv. B k{¼ Zmbw C³Uybnepw sImphcWsa¶mWv X§fpsS A`n {]mbw. At±lw ]dbp¶p: “GXmbmepw kÀhmZchp t\Snb hyàntbtbm AXpt]m epÅ Imcy§fntem þ Ahtlf\w \S¯nbmepw Pev]\§Ä krjvSn¨p hn«mepw icn¡pw hnNmcW \S¯n icnbmb cq] ¯n sXfnshSp¯v P\hn[n \S¸mt¡XmWv. A¯cw Imcy §fn \nbaw ssIbnensænepw \nba§Ä sImphtc 211
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
XpamWv. AXp P\lnXambncn¡pw. (t]Pv 32) C³Uy aX\nct]£X AwKoIcn¨n«pÅ cmPyamWv. ChnS s¯ P\§fn shdpw 20 iXam\amWv apÉo§fpsS kwJy. F¶n«pt]mepw kzX{´ Nn´Isc in£n¡Wsa¶mWv X§ fpsS B{Klw. ‘P\hn[n’ \S¸m¡Wsa¶p X§Ä ]dbp¶p. `qcn]£¯nsâ A`n{]mba\pkcn¨mWv Imcy§Ä Xocpam\n¡ s¸Sp¶sX¦n X§fpw At±l¯nsâ aX¡mcpw C³Uybn tijn¡pambncp¶nÃ. _lp`qcn]£¡mcmb lnµp¡fpsS hnimea\kv¡XsImmWv \yq\]£¡mcmb apÉo§Ä Chn sS kÀÆkzmX{´yt¯mSpw IqSn Ignbp¶Xv. Hscmä CÉmanI cmjv{S¯nse¦nepw a\pjy\v A`n{]mb kzmX{´yaptm? Chn sS lnµpaXs¯ hnaÀin¨psImv Fs´Ãmw ]pkvXI§Ä apÉo§Ä FgpXnbn«pv. X§fpsS aXamb CÉmw `cWw \S ¯p¶ GsX¦nepw cmjv{S¯nÂ, B aXs¯ hnaÀin¡p¶ Hcp ]pkvXIw {]kn²oIcn¡m³ kzmX{´yaptm? kDZn Atd _ybntem atäsX¦nepw apÉow cmPyt¯m lnµpaXtam {InkvXp aXtam {]Ncn¸n¡m³ kzmX{´yaptm? A`n{]mbkzm{´yw A\phZn¡m¯ {]mIrX·mcpsS aXwt]mepw ChnsS {]Ncn¸n ¡p¶Xn\v XSÊansöpw IqSn HmÀ¡Ww. Hcp \yq\]£ aX¯nsâ A\pbmbn BsW¦nepw kzX{´ Nn´sb in£n¡m³ Ignbp¶nÃtÃm F¶p X§Ä tJZn¡p¶p. ChcmWs{X a\pjykmtlmZcy¯nsâbpw ]ptcmKXnbpsSbpw hàm¡Ä!
212
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
bpànhmZnIfpw CÉmapw CÉmanIv ]»njowKv lukv, tImgnt¡mSp {]kn²oIcn¨ ‘bpàn hmZnIfpw CÉmapw’ 316 t]PpÅ Hcp _rlZv {KÙamWv. tNµaw Kew CÉmanb tImtfPnsâ {]n³kn¸emWv CXnsâ {KÙImc \mb Hm. A_vZpÀ dlvam³. Fsâ JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\ ]T\w, tUm. C.hn. Dkvam³ tImbbpsS ‘apÉow hÀKobX C³Uy³ cmjv{Sob¯nÂ’, k\ CSadpInsâ ‘bpànNn´’ F¶o ]pkvX I§fnse hnaÀi\§Ä¡mWv adp]Sn ]dbm³ {ian¨n«pÅXv. bpànhmZn¡p adp]Sn ]dbm³ ap¼p {ian¨ ]e am\y·mcpw D]tbmKn¨ AtX hmZKXnIfpw sXfnhpIfpsams¡bmWv At± lhpw CXn FSp¯p \nc¯nbncn¡p¶Xv. AXn ]eXn\pw Rm³ ap³ ]pkvXI§Ä¡pÅ adp]SnIfn D¯cw ]dªn«p v. Ah ChnsS BhÀ¯n¡p¶nÃ. A_vZpÀ dlvam³ Hcp tImtfPv {]n³kn¸emsW¶v {KÙmcw` ¯n sImSp¯ncp¶XpsImv Kuch]qÀWamb Hcp adp]Snbm bncn¡pw CsX¶p IcpXnbmWv Rm³ hmbn¡m³ Bcw`n¨Xv. ]t£, F\n¡v XnIª \ncmibmWv A\p`hs¸«Xv. ]pkvXI ¯n h¶ A¨Sn¸niIns\t¸mepw Ibdn¸nSn¨v Bt£]n¡p hm\mWv At±lw {ian¨Xv. apl½Znsâ sh¸m«nbmb amcnb ¯p In_v¯n¿bpsS t]cv A¨Sn¨t¸mÄ Hcp Øe¯v B t]cn\nSbv¡v Hcp tIma h¶p t]mbn. B ]pkvXI¯nsâ asäm cp `mK¯v tImam CÃmsX Xs¶ B t]cv A¨Sn¡pIbpw sNbv Xncp¶p. AXv At±lw Insöp \Sn¨p. hnaÀi\§Ä¡v adp]Sn ]dbp¶ Iq«¯nÂ, bpànhmZnIsfÃmw IayqWnÌpIm tcm AhcpsS klbm{XnItcm BsW¶v k¦ev]n¨psImv djybnepw ssN\bnepw \S¡p¶ Imcy§Ä D²cn¨v \ymboI cWw \ÂIm³ {ian¡p¶p. bpànhmZn{]Øm\¯nsâ {]hÀ 213
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
¯\w temI¯n F§s\bmWv \S¡p¶sX¶v Hcp tImtfPv A[ym]I\mb At±lw AdntbXmbncp¶p. _À{Sâ v dkÂ, F.sP. AbÀ, slIväÀ tlm«³. amUen³ apsd H lbÀ XpS§n b temI{]ikvX bpànhmZnIfn Bcpw IayqWnÌpImcÃ. P\m[n]Xy¯nepw am\hnIXbnepw hnizkn¡p¶hcmWv bpànhmZnIÄ. bYmÀ° bpànhmZw F´msW¶v Adnbm¯ NneÀ tIcf¯nÂ, amÀIvknkhpw bpànhmZhpw H¶msW¶p ]dªp \S¡p¶Xv am{Xta A_v ZpÀ dlva m³ tI«n«pÅq. C³Uybnse Xs¶ {]apJ bpànhmZnIfmbncp¶ Fw.F³. tdmbn, tUm. ]dm©v ss], C.hn. cmakzman, Fkv. cma\mY³ XpS§nbhcpw amÀIvknÌpImcmbncp¶nÃ. GIm[n]Xyw, kÀhm [n]Xyw XpS§nbhsb FXnÀ¡p¶hcmWv bpànhmZnIÄ. apl½ZmWv Ahkm\s¯ {]hmNI³ F¶v apÉo§Ä ]dbp ¶Xpt]mse, ImÄ amÀIvkmWv XXzimkv{X¯n Ahkm\ s¯ hm¡p ]dªXv F¶v amÀIvknÌpImcpw ]dbp¶p. CXp cpw Hcpt]msebmWv. apÉow {]Øm\§fpw amÀIvknÌpIm cpw X½n cmjv{Sob kJyw t]mepapv. C³Uybn bpànhm Zn {]Øm\s¯ FXnÀ¡p¶Xn AhÀ cpt]cpw kJy¯n emWpXm\pw. CXv A_vZpÀ dlvam\pw Adnbmsa¶v C.Fw.Fkv F\ns¡Xncmbn FgpXnb teJ\¯n \n¶pw D²cn¡p¶Xn \n¶v a\Ênem¡mw. F¦nepw bpànhmZ{]Øm\s¯ Hcp IayqWnÌp {]Øm\am¡n Nn{XoIcn¡m³ At±lw an\s¡Sp ¶p. AXp icnbsöpw, bpànhmZ{]Øm\w P\m[n]Xy¯n epw am\hnIXbnepw ASnØm\s¸Sp¯nb Hcp \thm°m\ {]Øm\amsW¶pw BZyta Xs¶ hyàam¡s«. R§sf A_vZpÀ dlvam\v a\Ênem¡m³ IgnbmsX t]mb Xnsâ Hcp ImcWw AXmsW¶v F\n¡p tXm¶p¶p. hn{Klmcm [\sb¸än ]dbpt¼mÄ AXp IqSpX shfnhmIp¶pv. At± lw ]dbp¶p: “hnNn{Xsa¶p ]dbs«, bpànhmZ¯nsâ AXn{]kcw aqew GIssZhs¯t]mepw AwKoIcn¡m³ IgnbmsX t]mb hnaÀ iI³ (CSadpIv) Ad_nIÄ ]qPn¨ncp¶ \nch[n hn{Kl§sf 214
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
{]hmNI³ XIÀ¯p IfªXn [À½tcmjw sImÅp¶p.” (t]Pv 4) hn{Kl§Ä¡v Hcp iànbpansöpw Ahsb ]qPn¡p¶hÀ hnÍnIfmsW¶papÅ A`n{]mbamWv F\n¡pÅXv. ]t£, Bsc¦nepw AdnhnÃmbvasImv hn{Kl]qP \S¯p¶ps ¦n B hn{Kl§sf XIÀ¡p¶Xv sXämsW¶v Rm³ IcpXp ¶p. hn{Kl]qP sXämsW¶p \ap¡p ]dbmw. AÃmsX Abmfp sS hyànkzmX{´y¯n ssI IS¯p¶Xv icnbÃ. ssZh hnizmk¯nsâ Imcy¯nepw bpànhmZnIfpsS \ne]mSv AXm Wv. GI ssZh hnizmkhpw _lpssZh hnizkhpw Htc \mWb ¯nsâ cp hi§Ä Xs¶bmWv. XnIª AÔhnizmkhpw. ]t£, GIssZhs¯tbm _lpssZh§sftbm Bcm[n¡W sa¶v BÀs¡¦nepw tXm¶nbm AhÀ AXp sN¿s«. AXp \ntcm[n¡m³ ]mSnÃ. C³Uybn GsX¦nepw lnµp hÀKob ]mÀ«n A[nImc¯n h¶n«v CÉmw aXs¯ \ntcm[n¨mÂ, apÉo§fpsS hnizmk kzmX{´y¯n\pthn bpànhmZnIÄ ]S s]mcpXpw. AXpt]mseXs¶ GsX¦nepw hn[¯n ChnsS Hcp apÉow `cWw DmhpIbpw lnµp¡fpsS hn{Kl§sfÃmw XIÀ¡Wsa¶p Xocpam\n¡pIbpw sNbvXmepw R§Ä AXn s\Xncmbn kacw sN¿pw. Cu hnime ho£Ww temI¯n DmIWsa¶v B{Kln¡p¶hcmWv bpànhmZnIÄ. tkmhyäp djy, ssN\ XpS§nb IayqWnÌv cmPy§fn ]uc³amÀ¡v Kh¬saâns\ hnaÀin¡m³ A[nImctam AhIm itam CÃ. A§s\ sN¿p¶hsc AhÀ in£n¡p¶p. apÉow cmPy§fnepw ]uc·mÀ¡v Kh¬saâns\ hnaÀin¡phm³ ]mSnÃ. AhnS§fn HcmÄ CÉmw aX{KÙamb ‘JpÀB³’ hnaÀi \hnt[bam¡nbm in£n¡s¸Spw. IayqWnÌv cmPy §fn amÀIvknks¯ FXnÀ¯mepw AXmbncn¡pw A\p`hw. bpànhmZnIÄ CXns\ cnt\bpw Hcpt]msebmWv ImWp ¶Xv. imkv{Xt_m[w, hyànkzmX{´yw, P\m[n]Xyw, am\hn IX. klnjvWpX F¶nhbmWv bpànhmZ¯nsâ ASnØm\ {]amW§Ä. ASnaXz¯n\pw kv{XoIsf Xcw Xmgv¯p¶Xn\pw, {Iqcamb in£mk{¼Zmb§Ä¡pw NqjW§Ä¡pw FXncmbn 215
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
{]hÀ¯n¡phm³ R§sf t{]cn¸n¡p¶Xv Cu Bib§fmWv.
Ncn{Xt¯mSpÅ kao]\coXn A_vZpÀ dlvamsâ Ncn{X ho£W¯n\pw Nne Ipg¸§fps ¶p ]dbmsX XcanÃ. At±lw ]dbp¶p: “temI¯p P\n¨ H¶mas¯ a\pjy\mb BZw Xs¶ GI ssZh hnizmknbmbncp¶p F¶pw, GIssZh hnizmkambncp¶p \qlv (t\ml), C{Zokv (Ct\mIv), C{_mlnw (A{_lmw), bm ¡q_v, bqk^v (tPmk^v), aqk (tamsi), Cukm (tbip) XpS §nb FÃm {]hmNIcptSbpw auenI {]t_m[\sa¶pw DZvtLm jn¡p¶ aXamWv CÉmw.” (bpànhmZnIfpw CÉmapw, t]Pv 2) “temI¯p P\n¨ H¶mas¯ a\pjy\mWv BZ.”sa¶v Hcp tImtfPv A[ym]I³ ]dbp¶Xp tI¡pt¼mÄ F\n¡v AZv`p Xw tXm¶p¶p. skanänIv ]pcmW§Ä AwKoIcn¡p¶ bqZ·mÀ, {InkvXym\nIÄ, apÉo§Ä F¶nhcpsS aX{KÙ§fneÃmsX BZs¯ BZna a\pjy\mbn GsX¦nepw Ncn{X¯n hnhcn ¡p¶ptm? lnµp¡fpsS ]pcmWIYm]m{X§fmb sshhkz Xa\p, hnjvWp, inh³, `oa³, AÀÖp\³ XpS§nbhtct¸mepÅ shdpw sI«pIYbnse \mbI·mcmWv tamsi, A{_lmw, bm ¡q_v, tbip XpS§nbhcpw. Chscm¶pw Pohn¨ncp¶ hyànI fmsW¶v Øm]n¡phm³ Hcp Ncn{XImc\pw IgnbpIbnÃ. AÔ amb aXhnizmkwsImv ]pcmW IYIsf Ncn{Xambn ImWpI bmWv At±lw. Ncn{X]pcpj\mb apl½Zns\ IqSn B sI«pI Ybnse \mbI·mcpsS Iq«¯n At±lw tNÀ¡p¶p. AXv icnbmbnÃ.
apl½Zv {]hmNIt\m? apl½Zv Hcp {]hmNI\mbncp¶p F¶pw AÃmlphnsâ \nÀt± i{]ImcamWv At±lw {]hÀ¯n¨sX¶pw Pn_vcn F¶ ae¡v At±l¯n\v ‘JpÀB³’ HmXns¡mSp¯p F¶psams¡ apÉo §Ä hnizkn¡p¶p. ssZhw, amemJ, (ae¡v), ]nimNv, Pn¶v, `qXw, t{]Xw, Nm¯³ XpS§nbhsbms¡ a\pjysâ `mh\bn cq]wsImXmWv. A¯c¯n s]« GsX¦nepsam¶v DÅ Xmbn IcpXphm³ \ap¡v Hcp sXfnhpIfpanÃ. ZnhyZÀi\§Ä 216
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
hgn ssZhw, ae¡v, ]nimNv XpS§nbhsb IXmbn NneÀ AhImis¸Sp¶p. C¯cw sXämb A\p`h§sf at\m{`aw, ambnI{`aw, k¦ev]m\p`hw F¶n§s\ aq¶mbn a\ximkv{XIm c·mÀ Xncn¡p¶p. imcocnItcmK§ÄsImpw XpSÀ¨bmb [ym\w, tbmKm`ymkw, elcn XpS§nbhsImpw ]eÀ¡pw C¯cw {`a§Ä DmImdpv. tUmIvSÀ BÂ_ÀSvkv tlm^v am³ Hcn¡Â AdnbmsX Aev]w FÂ.Fkv.Un hmXIw hen¨p. DSs\ Xs¶ tlm^vam\v XeNpä A\p`hs¸«p. Hcp kz]v\¯n se¶t]mse At±lw ho«ntebv¡p \S¶p. Cu A\p`hs¯ ¸än tlm^vam³ ]n¶oSv C§s\ FgpXn: “Fsâ Bßmhv icoc¯n \n¶p ]pd¯p hcp¶Xp Rm³ Ip. AXv Bew_anÃmsX BImi¯p \n¶p. tkm^bn InS¶ Fsâ arXicoct¯bpw Rm³ Ip.” FÂ.Fkv.Un, sltdmbn³, amcnPqhm\ XpS§nbh Ign¡p¶ hÀ¡v CXpt]mse ]e ‘Znhym\p`qXn’Ifpw DmImdpv. Ch sbm¶pw Ign¡msX Xs¶ NnecpsS icoc¯n tlmÀtamWp IfptSbpw F³sskapIfptSbpw {]hÀ¯w sImv A¯cw AhØ DmImw. CXv at\mtcmK§Ä¡v hgnsXfn¡pw. k¦ev] IYm]m{X§fmb tZhotZh·msctbm ssZh§tftbm `mh\bn IpsImv hfsct\cw HcmÄ [ym\\ncX\mbn Ccp¶m a\Ênsâ ka\ne sXäpw. Xs¶¯ms\ ln]vt\m ss«kp sNbvX BÄ Xsâ k¦ev]m\p`h§sfÃmw bYmÀ°am sW¶p sXän²cn¡pw. A¯cw L«§fnepmIp¶ A\p` h§fmWv ZnhyZÀi\§fmbn Nn{XoIcn¡s¸Sp¶Xv. {]hmNI Xzhpw ZnhyZÀi\hpw AhImis¸« FÃmhcptSbpw ØnXn AXmWv. Cu AhØbnse¯nb ]e at\mtcmKnItfbpw Rm³ In«pv. tIm«bw saUn¡Â tImtfPn a\:imkv{X hn`mKw ssI Imcyw sNbvXncp¶ tUmIvSÀ. Sn.H. A{_lmw A¯cw Hcp tcmKnsb F\n¡v Hcn¡Â ]cnNbs¸Sp¯n¯¶p. Adp]Xp Ignª Hcp hr²\mWv tcmKn. Hcp Znhkw cmhnse AbmÄ InS¡bn \ns¶gpt¶Â¡pt¼mÄ I\yIadnbw (tbiphnsâ A½) At±l¯n\p {]Xy£s¸«v, Hcp aqÀJ³ ]m¼ns\ ]nSn¨p sImv N§\mticn ]Ånbn sNÃm³ Bhiys¸«p. AbmÄ 217
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
DSs\ ]m¼ns\ ]nSn¡m³ ImWp¶ s]m¯nseÃmw ssIbnSm³ XpS§n. aqÀJ³ ]m¼ns\ ]nSn¨psImv, ]m¼pISntbämepw hnjw _m[n¡msX, ]Ånbn sN¶m BfpIÄ¡v I\ym adnb ¯nepÅ hnizmkw hÀ²n¡psa¶mbncp¶p B a\pjysâ hnizmkw. GXmbmepw ho«pImÀ DSs\ Bsf a\ximkv{XÚ sâ ASps¯¯n¨p. Bip]{Xnbn sN¶n«pw I\ymadnbw At± l¯n\p {]Xy£s¸«ncp¶p F¶mWv ]dbp¶Xv. GXm\pw Znh ks¯ NnInÕ Ignªt¸mÄ B ZnhyZÀi\w kne¨p. sImà ¯pImc³ Hcp AgtIi³ Iptd¡me§Ä¡p ap¼v Hcp Ip«nsb sh«n Imfn¡p _ensImSp¯p. AXn\v Abmsf AdÌp sNbvXv Xncph\´]pcw Pbnen C«ncn¡pt¼mgmWv ASnb´ncmhØ Ime¯v ankm XShpImc\mbn Rm³ AhnsS sNÃp¶Xv. tZhn bpsS \nÀt±ia\pkcn¨mWv Cu _en \S¯nbsX¶pw CSbv ¡nsS tZhnZÀi\w AbmÄ DmImdps¶pw AgtIi³ ]d ªp. inh³, Imfn, KW]Xn, kp{_ÒWy³ XpS§nbhÀ {]Xy £s¸«p F¶v AhImis¸« tcmKnIsfbpw Rm³ In«pv. CsXm¶pw AhcpsS IpäamsW¶v Rm³ ]dbp¶nÃ. {]hmN IXzhpw shfn]mSpw AhImis¸«n«pÅhcpw, AhImis¸Sp¶ hcpw C¯c¯n s]« at\mtcmKnIÄ Xs¶bmsW¶mWv a\ximkv{Xw hyàam¡p¶Xv. temIw s]mXpth AwKoIcn¡p¶ Imcy§sf \ntj[n¡p¶p F¶mWv hnizmknbmb teJI³ Fsâ ta Btcm]n¡p¶ Ipäw. tIm¸À\n¡kv, kqcy\mWv Cu {KlaÞe¯nsâ tI{µ sa¶v FgpXpt¼mÄ, temI¯pmbncp¶hcn At±lsamgn sI aäpÅhscÃmw Xs¶ `qanbmWv kucbqY¯nsâ tI{µsa ¶tà AwKoIcn¨ncp¶Xv? AXpsImv tIm¸À\n¡knsâ A`n{]mbw sXämsW¶p ]dbmtam? temI¯nepÅ 480 tImSn P\§fn Fgp]XptImSn BWv apÉo§fpsS P\kwJy F¶p IW¡m¡s¸«ncn¡p¶p. _m¡n 410 tImSnbmfpIÄ CÉmwaX ¯n hnizkn¡p¶nà F¶XpsImv CÉmwaXw sXämsW¶v A_vZpÀ dlvam³ ]dbptam? `qcn]£¯nsâ ASnØm\¯n sXäpw icnbpw \nÀWbn¡phm³ km[yaà F¶pÅ A`n{]mb amWv F\n¡pÅXv. 218
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
“]t©{µnb§fneqsS e`n¡p¶ ]cnanXamb Adnhn\¸pdw asäm¶nt\bpw AwKoIcn¡m¯hcmWhÀ” F¶v bpànhmZn Isf A_vZpÀ dlvam³ Nn{XoIcn¡p¶p. AXp hfsc icnbmWv. FÃm a\pjyÀ¡pw Ct¶mfw e`n¨n«pÅ AdnhpIsfÃmw A§ s\ e`n¨XmWv. A§s\bÃmsX At±l¯n\v Fs´¦nepw Adnhp In«nbn«ptm? Ds¦n AsX¶XmsW¶v Adn ªm sImÅmw. imkv{Xw FÃm Imcy§fpw Adnªn«nsöv At±lw ]dbp¶p. bpànhmZnIfpw AXpXs¶bmWv ]dbp¶Xv. {]]©s¯¸än hfsc¡pdt¨ \ap¡v C¶dnbm³ Ignªn«pÅq. Zn\w{]Xn Adnhnsâ N{Ihmf§Ä hnIkn¨psImncn¡pI bmWv. kÀhtemI clky§fpw X\n¡dnbmsa¶ I]S\mSy hpambn hcp¶ aX]ptcmlnX·mcpw {]hmNI·mcpw ]dbp¶Xv hnizkn¡phm³ F§s\ km[n¡pw? sXfnhps¦n Bcp ]dbp¶Xpw kzoIcn¡mw. sXfnhnÃm¯ Imcyw, AhÀ F{X D¶X·mtcm s]mXpP\§sfÃmw AwKoIcn¡p¶htcm BsW ¦nepw icnbmsW¶p IcpXphm³ bpànhmZnIÄ XbmdmhpI bnÃ.
JpÀB³ BscgpXn?
“Ccp]¯naq¶p kwhÕc¡me¯n\nSbn hnhn[ ]Ým¯e §fnepw kµÀ`§fnepambn AÃmlp \_n (k) ¡v \ÂInb Znhyktµi§fpsS kamlmcamWv CÉmansâ aqe {]amWamb hnip² JpÀB³” F¶v A_vZpÀ dlvam³ ]dbp¶p (t]Pv 68). AÃmlp, btlmh, {_Òmhv, inh³, Pq¸näÀ, ho\kv, HmUn³, tXmÀ, Imfn, Nm¯³, {ioIrjvW³ XpS§nb ssZh§sfms¡ Hmtcmcp¯cpsS k¦ev]§fmWv. alm`mcXbp²¯nsâ \Sp hn sh¨v ssZhamb {ioIrjvW³ D]tZin¨ Znhy {KÙamWv `KhZvKoXsb¶v lnµp¡Ä hnizkn¡p¶p. ssZhmßmhn\m FgpXs¸«XmWv ss__nÄ F¶p {InkvXym\nIÄ hnizkn ¡p¶p. Xriqsc Nm¯³ tkh¡mc³ XpÅnbn«v, Nm¯sâ Znhy ktµi§Ä ]dbp¶p. I¼À¡v kckzXnbmWv cmambWw Fgp Xns¡mSp¯sX¶v I¼cmambW¯n ImWp¶p. CXpt]mse temI¯nse sNdpXpw hepXpamb FÃm aX{KÙ§sf¸änbpw 219
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
Hmtcmcp¯cpw AhImihmZw ]pds¸Sphn¡p¶p. CXn GXm Wv icnsb¶dnbm³ F´mWp amÀKw? \njv]£ambn B aX{K Ù§sf ]Tn¡pIbpw hkvXpXIÄ ]cntim[n¡pIbpatÃ? aäp ]e aX{KÙ§tfbpw ]än Ahbn hnizkn¡p¶hÀ ]dbp¶Xv AhsbÃmw Aam\pjnIamsW¶mWv. ]t£, JpÀ B³ DĸsS Hcp aX{KÙhpw Aam\pjnIambn \nÀ½n¡s¸« XmsW¶pÅXn\v \ap¡v sXfnhpIÄ In«nbn«nÃ. ]cntim[n ¡pt¼mÄ AwKoIrX Ncn{X hkvXpXIÄ¡pw, imkv{X¯n\pw, a\pjyXz¯n\pw \nc¡m¯Xv ]eXpw Ahbn ImWp¶p. ss__nÄ, `KhZvKoX, `mKhXw, cmambWw, alm`mcXw, XpS §nb ]e aX{KÙ§fpw \njv]£_p²ntbmsS Rm³ ]Tn¨p. AXnsem¶pw Aam\pjnIX Ds¶p ImWm³ F\n¡p Ign ªnÃ. AXpIgnªmWv Rm³ JpÀB³ ]Tn¡m³ XpS§nbXv. Rm³ AXv Ad_nbneà hmbn¨Xv. Cw¥ojv, aebmfw, lnµn, DÀZp XpS§nb `mjIfn JpÀB\v \nch[n XÀÖaIÄ h¶n «pv. Ahbn ]eXpw B[nImcnIamsW¶v hnizmknIÄ X s¶ ]dbp¶XpamWv. ]pXnb \nba ss__nÄ {Ko¡p `mjbn emWv FgpXs¸«Xv. {Ko¡v ]Tn¡m¯ HcmÄ ss__nÄ ]Tn¨v AtX¸än Fs´¦nepw ]dbcpsX¶p ]dbp¶Xn hà AÀ° hpaptm? lnµpaX{KÙ§fn A[nIhpw kwkvIrX¯nem Wv; _p²aX{KÙ§Ä ]men `mjbnepw. ]men ]Tn¡msX _p² aXs¯¸än ]dªpIqsS¶p ]dªm BfpIÄ hnjan¨p t]mIpw. temIaX§sf¸än ]Tn¡m³ AhbpsSsbms¡ aqeIr XnIÄ cNn¨ `mj ]Tn¡Wsa¶p ]dªm icnbmsW¶p k½Xn¡mw. Ft¶t¸mepÅ kXymt\zjnIÄ¡v Ahbnse Bib§fmWv AdntbXv. ‘JpÀB³’ Rm³ hmbn¨Xpw B ASnØm\¯nemWv. AÃmlphmWv JpÀBsâ IÀ¯msh¶mWtÃm hnizmknIÄ ]dbp¶Xv. AXp icnbsöv JpÀ B³ HcmhÀ¯n hmbn¨m BÀ¡pw a\ÊnemIpw. JpÀBsâ H¶mas¯ A²ymbw (kqd) A ^m¯a BWv. AXn§s\bmWv: “IcpWm\n[nbpw ]caImcpWnI\pamb AÃmlphnsâ \ma 220
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
¯n kÀhtemI ]cn]meI\mb AÃmlphn\s{X kvtXm {Xw.” IcpWm\n[n; ]caImcpWnI³; {]Xn^ew \ÂIs¸Sp¶ Znh k¯nsâ \mY³. \nsâ Iev]\IÄt¡ R§Ä hnt[bcmbn Pohn¡pIbpÅp; \nt¶mSv am{Xta R§Ä klmb¯n\v At] £n¡bpÅq. \o R§Ä¡v t\ÀamÀKw ImWn¨p XtcWta, AXmbXp \nsâ A\p{Kl§Ä¡p ]m{XambhcpsS amÀKw, tIm]¯n\p ]m{XambhcptSbpw hgn]ng¨hcptSbpw amÀKaÃ. (Al½Zv auehnbpsS XÀÖa) a¡bn sh¨v apl½Zn\v AhXcn¸n¨p In«nbXmWv Cu kqdsb¶v ]dbs¸Sp¶p.” IcpWm\n[nbpw ]caImcpWnI\p amb AÃmlphnsâ \ma¯n F¶mWv CXp XpS§p¶Xv. ‘A Ãmlphn\v kvtXm{Xw’ F¶pw AXn ImWp¶p. AÃmlp BWv CsXgpXnbsX¦n X\n¡p Xs¶ At±lw kvtXm{Xw ]dbp tam? \o R§Ä¡p t\ÀamÀKw ImWn¨p XtcWta F¶pw aäpw AÃmlp Xs¶ At±lt¯mSp {]mÀ°n¡ptam? AtXm AÃmlphnt\mSp C§s\ {]mÀ°n¡Wsa¶v At±lw ]dªp sImSp¯tXm? A§s\ AÃmlp sNbvsX¦n AXnsâ Bh iysa´v? a\pjysâ a\Êdnbm³ AÃmlphn\p IgnhntÃ? t\sc adn¨v, ssZhhnizmknbmb apl½Zv C§s\ Hcp {]mÀ°\ A\p bmbnIsf ]Tn¸n¨p F¶p ]dªm AXn\À°apv. C\nbpw aäp Nne hmIy§Ä t\m¡pI: “AÃmlp al¯mb A\p{Kl¯nsâ \mY\s{X” (2:105) “AÃmlp kÀhià\msW¶p \o {Kln¨n«ntÔ (2:106) “AÃmlp AP¿\mb iànbpÅh\pw anI¨ X{´Ú\pam sW¶v Adnªncn¡pI.” (2:209) “Xm\pt±in¡p¶hÀ¡v t\ÀamÀK¯ntebv¡p AÃmlp hgn ImWn¡pw.” (2:213) “AÃmlp kÀhscbpw hnPbn¡p¶h\mWv, anI¨ X{´Ú \pamWv.” (2:220) “AÃmlp FÃmw tIÄ¡p¶h\pw Adnbp¶h\pamIp¶p.” (2: 224) 221
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
“AÃmlp hfsctbsd s]mdp¡p¶h\mWv, henb kl\io e\pamWv.” (2:225) “AÃmlp FÃmhscbpw hnPbn¡p¶h\pw anI¨ X{´Ú \pamIp¶p.” (2: 228) “AÃmlp B{IanIsf¡pdn¨p \Ãt]mse AdnhpÅh\m Ip¶p.” (2:246) C§s\ AÃmlphns\ s]m¡p¶ kqà§Ä FÃm `mK ¯pw ImWmw. CsXms¡ AÃmlp ]dªXmsW¦nÂ, At±lw kzÀK¯n FgpXnsh¨ncn¡p¶ ]pkvXI¯n Xs¶¯s¶ ]pIgv¯m\mWv A[nIw Øew D]tbmKn¨ncn¡p¶sX¶p ]d tbnhcpw. t\sc adn¨v apl½ZmWv C§s\sbms¡ ]dª sX¦n AXv At±l¯nsâ hnizmkamsW¶p IcpXmw. JpÀBsâ t{ImUoIcWt¯¸än {KÙImc³ ]dbp¶ ]e Imcy§Ä¡pw apÉow ]mc¼cyaÃmsX asäs´¦nepw sXfnhp Nqn¡mWn¡m\ptm? Jen^m Dkvamsâ Ime¯mWtÃm JpÀBsâ tIm¸nsbSp¯v ]e Øet¯¡pw Abbv¡p¶Xv. AtX¸än ]dbp¶ Iq«¯n A_vZpÀ dlvam³ C§s\ ]d bp¶p: “l^vk (d) bpsS ]¡Â \n¶pw ankvl^v hm§n tIm¸nIsf Sp¯p. B[nImcnIamb Cu tIm¸nIÄ Jeo^, _Ôs¸« \mSp Ifnte¡v Ab¨p sImSp¯tijw hyànIÄ kq£n¨ncp¶ asäÃm GSpIfpw I¯n¨pIfbm³ Iev]n¡pIbmWv DmbXv.” (bpànhmZnIfpw CÉmapw, t]Pv. 85) hyànIfpsS ssIbn kq£n¨ncp¶ asäÃm GSpIfpw I¯n ¨pIfsªsX´n\v? hnhn[ ]mTt`Z§Ä A¶p \nehnencp¶p F¶pw AhsbÃmw I¯n¨pIfªp F¶patÃ, CXn\À°w? A_vZpÀ dlvam³ XpScp¶p: “A¶p apX C¶phsc temIapÉo§Ä GIIWvTambn Ahew_n¡p¶ apkvl^v CXp am{XamIp¶p. A¨Sn¨ GXp JpÀB³ {]XnbpsSbpw ]pd¯v ‘apkvl^pDkvam\n’ (Dkvam³ tIm¸nsbSp¸n¨ apkvl^v) F¶p tcJs¸Sp¯p¶Xpw ]Xnhm Wv.” 222
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
Dkvam³ ]IÀ¯nsbgpXn¡p¶Xphsc ]e JpÀB\pIÄ Dmbncp¶p F¶pw A¶p apX Dkvamsâ tIm¸n am{XamWv AwKoIcn¡p¶Xv F¶pw At±lw k½Xn¡p¶p. JpÀB³ kzÀK¯n \n¶v AhXcn¨XmsW¶pw AXn Hcp amähpw hcp¯nbn«nsöpw ]dbp¶Xv icnbsöv ChsbÃmw sXfnbn ¡p¶p. JpÀB³ FgpXs¸Sm\nSbmb kmlNcys¯¸än ]dbpt¼m gpw A_vZpÀdlvam³ AXnsâ ssZhmkvXnIys¯ \ntj[n¡p ¶pv: “Hcp hnIkzc kaql¯nsâ ]cnXØnXnIfpw {]iv\§fpw Bhiy§fpw IW¡nseSp¯v AhXcn¸n¨XmWv JpÀB\nse kmaqlyhpw [mÀ½nIhpamb Ht«sd kqà§Ä. AXn NneXv kaql¯nsâtbm AXnse Imcyt_m[apÅ Nne hyànIfpsS tbm \oXnbpàamb A`nemj§tfmSp s]mcp¯s¸Sp¶hbn AkmwKXysa´ncn¡p¶p?”(bpànhmZnIfpw CÉmapw, t]Pv 88) “F{X t]cpv, CÉmansâ A´cmÀ°w a\Ênem¡nbhÀ? F{X t]cpv, \akvImcw, t\m¼v, lÖv, k¡m¯v, apXemb IÀ½§f\pjvTn¡p¶hÀ? F{X t]cpv, \akvImcw, t\m¼v, lÖv k¡m¯v apXemb IÀ½§f\pjvTn¡p¶hÀ? F{X t]cpv, aXImcy§tf¡mÄ {]m[m\yw \ÂIp¶hÀ? F´p, apÉow temI¯p aZym]m\w, hy`nNmcw, NqXm«w, ]eni, Ip¯n ¡hÀ¨, sIme, Ifhv, NXnhv, \pW, \njn²t`mP\w apXemb ZpjvIrXy§Ä XIrXnbmbn \S¡p¶nÃtbm? auehnamcpsS PohnXw bYmÀ°amb CÉmanI PohnX¯nsâ amXrIbmtWm? Ahcn A[nIwt]cpw At§ Aäw Zpxkz`mhnIfpw Zpjn¨hcpw aX¯ns\cmbn \S¡p¶hcpamsW¶Xp kXyaÃtbm? kXy ambn AhÀ aX¯nsâ cq]w hnIrXam¡nbn«nÃtbm?” (k·mÀK ZÀin\n, tImgnt¡mSv, 1974, t]Pv 12) CXv bpànhmZnbpsS tNmZy§fà apÉoantâXpXs¶bmWv. CÉmwaXhpw JpÀB\pw P\§fn sNep¯nb [mÀ½nI t{]c W F´msW¶v CXp sXfnbn¡p¶p. 223
JpÀB³ Hcp hnaÀi\]T\w
224